Evil in the Environment Essay

John Locke is a philosopher known for introducing various significant concepts to different fields of studies. His work encompasses the fields of psychology, political science, and philosophy. One of his main contributions is his assertion that the human mind is completely empirical.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This principle would lead one to believe that every human being is born into this world having the same capacity. All human minds are empty slates (tabula rasa) when one is just born. (Hooker, 1999) Behavior is acquired through the various empirical experiences that a human being undergoes. Moral behavior stems from an individual’s empirical experiences. (Hooker, 1999) As such, it can be assumed that all immoral behavior or all â€Å"evil† is the product of the environment rather than individual. (Hooker, 1999) Such line of reasoning will lead us to assume that evil from the environment can be eradicated by a simple change in human thinking and behavior. This is known as the third â€Å"premise† of the enlightenment thinkers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The said premise remains to be significant in today’s time and age. For one, it helps people today realize that the evil that pervades in society today can be erased by humans themselves. Moreover, it teaches society that there is still hope for a better world and the fulfillment of such dreams lies in the reformation of human beings and society itself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The primary effect of such premise on society is that it gives the responsibility for the evil in the world on the shoulders of people. Fingers cannot be pointed to the heavens or to other creatures to blame them for the evil that continues to exist in the world. Rather, the premise asserts that the evil in the world is the product of human misbehavior. Human wrong doing has created the immorality that exists in the world today. However, the most important lesson that Locke’s principle teaches us today is that just as the responsibility for the evil in the world lies in our hands, so does the responsibility to change and eradicate such evil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are many ways by which humans can reform and change their environment. Locke had asserted that education is the primary way by which the moral and intellectual character of the human being can be changed for the better. (Hooker, 1999) Such assertion remains to be significant in today’s society. What the premise tells us is that education is even more valuable today for it is the way by which the world can be made better. Education exists not simply for the betterment of the individual’s own life. It is not for the sole purpose of helping someone find a better job, a better way of life. Education’s primary purpose is to help every human being to determine how he can help make the world a better place. It is through education that society can reform its ways and help remove evil from the environment. Thus, the role of education is society is exemplified by the third â€Å"premise.† The role of education becomes ever more important and significant basing on what has been stated in the premise. The future of today’s society lies in the hands of human beings. The betterment of the world and the eradication of evil are the responsibilities of all human beings. Just as they can create evil, they can erase them. Reformation of one’s ways is the manner by which evil in our â€Å"faulty environment† can be obliterated. Works Cited: Hooker, Richard. Seventeenth Century Enlightenment Thought. 1999. World Civilizations. 12 Dec. 2006 from: http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ENLIGHT/PREPHIL.HTM.

Freedom in our time Essay

In times of war or in times of peace, in prosperity and in difficulty, United States has always seen from abroad as the embodiment of liberty. This has been the nation that, with its mistakes and wise moves, has eagerly defended freedom in the world. In spite of how different we might seem because of our skin colors, religions or backgrounds, freedom is the value that we all cherish most in our lives and it permeates every aspect of our society. Throughout history, many American men and women have valiantly fought and died for their freedom and the freedom of others. Like the American patriot Patrick Henry declared in his speech in 1775 â€Å"Give me liberty or give me death†, he wanted to let people know that he would rather die than live under tyranny and oppression. Read more: Dbq how did the constitution guard against tyranny essay In the seventeenth century in Europe, there was no religious freedom, Jews were persecuted in the old world and in England you belonged to the Church of the country or you went to jail. Immigrants came from across the globe in the nineteenth century to be free from religious oppression; they came to America, the country where a man could be himself. Albert Einstein, who emigrated from Germany in 1933, stated that â€Å"as long as he had any choice, he would stay in a country where political liberty, toleration and equality of all citizens before the law were the role† (56). Freedom is the ability to act as you choose; it is the right to do as one pleases, but always keeping in mind the popular saying of â€Å"my rights end when yours begin†. We have to respect the freedoms of others. Even if we do not agree with some people’s opinions, we still should respect and listen to them. But the truth is no one is absolutely free, government and even ourselves set limits to our freedom. In our daily life, we stress out over many things such as our jobs, careers, family and more; we live afraid of failure, loneliness or death. People cannot act freely when they are subjected to a constant fear of being punished, censured or abused. As long as there is something in our lives that perturb or bother us, we are no longer free. No matter how free we believe we are, there is always an invisible chain that fetters us. Slavery in our time (even if it does not have that name) shows when a person renounces to being himself and allows others to manipulate him or decide for him. The slave does not decide for himself about what he wants or what is better for him. He acts because he is told to do so, without questioning the orders he receives, even if his actions go against his principles or harm people they care about or society. In the nations, governments control freedom through laws that citizens have to follow. Law is connected with human responsibility for his actions and it is a way to ensure that our society is fair to all. In order to make it possible for all of us to live in harmony, the law restricts some people’s freedoms, in order to allow others to enjoy it. Freedom is a privilege that people too often take for granted. We seem no to value the lives that men and women sacrificed in battle for freedom and our rights. Without them, none of what we have now would be even possible. But when something is given to you, it does not mean as much to you if you would have earned it yourself, and in our case we were born with our freedoms handed. Our society has changed tremendously throughout history, and the meaning of liberty has done it too. Nowadays, women for example, have freedoms that by trivial they might seem, we did not have before, like the right to vote, to choose the person we want to marry or to go to college and study whatever we decide. We can now develop our talents and be what we want to be. The U.S. Constitution and its Bill of Rights bestow Americans freedoms and rights. I think today people are more likely to know the most popular songs, than the freedoms the Bill of Rights grants them. We cannot protect something that we do not understand and many Americans do not have an understanding of the freedoms they regularly enjoy. Defending our rights is a primary responsibility of being citizen. The ignorance, the lack of education and knowledge make a lot of people to blindly accept all the values and doctrines that others want to impose them. We should exercise our freedom to its fullest extent. One example of this is voting. We are not obliged to do it, but what better way to get involved in our community than by participating in the electoral process? Every single vote counts and it is our duty as citizens to choose our own leaders. The Bill of Rights, guarantees, in words, freedoms Americans didn’t want to be without. The free speech is guaranteed in the first amendment, and most people agree that is one of the most important freedoms we have. It allows us to express ourselves and speak our minds. In some countries, a person cannot say what he or she thinks because it will be considered a threat to government and will have to face the consequences. Freedom of speech and choice make people responsible for their words and actions. The freedom of the press exists in almost every country, although few nations have a press as free as the USA’s. This freedom is not possible when people cannot own the printing, paper and ink like in Cuba, where the freedom of the press is substantially restricted. The radio stations and television cannot exercise liberty when the electromagnetic spectrum belongs to the State and the license might be revoked. Neither can freedom prevail when the Government buys the silence of the media with state propaganda or the justice permits thieves to sue journalists that denounce corruption. Americans enjoy the right to express themselves and to be informed about how they are being governed. There are many facets to the meaning of freedom, but compared to other countries United States is blessed with it, even though the dualism of limitations and freedom will be always present. CITED WORK Einstein, Albert. The world as I see it. New York: Kensington Publishing Corporation, 2006, p. 56.

Explain the differences between a group and a team Essay

Explain the differences between a group and a team - Essay Example To describe it briefly, it will be suffice to say that all teams are form of work group but not all groups are teams. There are several fundamental principles that distinguish the two. First is accountability. In groups, members are individually accountable within the group; they have to be alert from people within the group. In teams, however, individual accountability does exist but on a minimum level; teams are accountable mutually. Instead of reporting to one another or someone from amongst group, teams report to a higher authority. This means that teams are more united and open with each other. This also highlights the fact that usually groups work on lower levels while teams work at higher, more independent level in the hierarchy (Thornton, 2010). Secondly, members working in the group meet regularly to circulate information and discuss perspectives whereas team members just meet occasionally to make decision, plan, and solve any problems that arise in a meanwhile. This implies that team member share more trust than group members do, making them more self-reliant and confident of their own actions. Thirdly, group members work on individual goals while team members work on mutual goals. This shows more unity and togetherness that is shared by people working in the team. For instance, people in groups may work hard for promotion/to please their supervisors/ in order to get a pay upgrade but team members will worry less about such petty matters and try to get bigger tasks done. Fourthly, groups focus more on individual products while teams emphasize more on team products. Instead of getting their names high like in groups, team members focus more on efficiency and excellence, making merit the parameter for judgment. Next, groups have defined roles and responsibilities whereas team members are more liberal with these lines and feel free to share each other’s work. Lastly, in groups, manager, with little say from members, shapes the goals and tasks desi gned to achieve them. On the contrary, team leader brings the whole team together to shape the goals and delegate tasks on each member with their complete will. This gives a sense of ownership to the goal and creates a free environment where learning and creativity thrives (Levi, 2010). As the world is coming together to form a global village, it is important to embrace, appreciate and celebrate the diversity, which flourishes as people from across the world come together to accomplish goals of mutual interest. However, diversity is tough to handle since it requires a lot of compromise and patience to settle down with. Nonetheless, importance of diversity cannot be over-emphasized. With people from different backgrounds, religious views, ethnicities, social status, and education coming together on a common platform, the ideas generated, and discussions held are more multi-lateral and creative. In addition, the solutions found with diverse bodied thing tank are applicable to more tha n a single thinkers and work in more than a few conditions since its planners have put together their own personal experience in planning and critiquing it, refining into more applicable and garnishes the concept. On the other hand,

Project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Project management - Essay Example External groups, Individuals, Clients, Contractors, Funding Partners, Consultants, Employees and Work Force, and other government / regulatory organizations can be identified as stakeholders in a project, (Bourne, 2010). Further, categorizing the stakeholders according to the degree or level of impact they can put on a project activity or can get impacted by it. This knowledge of stakeholders assists in evaluating how the various interests of stakeholders should be addressed and managed in an efficient manner. 1.1. Role of Stakeholder Management The role of stakeholder management is to create utility for the project manager in order to get acquainted with all the participants / stakeholders of the project and their respective interests, create an equilibrium between the inputs / contribution and the incentive given by and to the stakeholder, set up an unbiased basis for effectively managing individual stakeholder requirements, decide the participation level of each stakeholder during the planning and execution part of the project, promoting stakeholder interests in the project through effective communication strategy and offering rewards to shareholders. Stakeholder analysis can be carried out at the commencement of the project or at regular intervals during the execution to track the changes in the attitudes of project stakeholders as the project advances, (Patrick, 2008). 1.2 Significance The significance of Stakeholder management lies in the need to make clear the consequences of predicted modifications, potential risks, and opportunities that face the project. Stakeholder management is also vital since it helps to identify the risks and planning for strategies to reduce the effects of risks on the project, (Deming, 1982). 1.3 Stakeholder Categories Stakeholders can be easily classified into four different categories depending upon their potential to collaborate or threaten the project execution or results. 1. Supportive stakeholders are those who do not wis h to threaten the project proceedings and desire to support the project goals and objectives. These types of supportive stakeholders may include the suppliers, funding organizations, company management and consultants. 2. Marginal Stakeholders are those who are neither extremely menacing nor helpful, even though they possess a large stake in the project and can affect the decisions, but are not in general concerned. These may consist of environmentalist groups, and media. 3. Non Supportive Stakeholders are those that have an elevated potential to influence the project in a threatening manner but are short on the potential for cooperation and are the most worrying source of concern for the project manager. These may include the labor unions, governmental organizations, and at times the media. 4. The  mixed stakeholders possess an equal potential to assist or threaten the project and usually consist of clients, end users of the project, (Rowley, 1997). 1.4 Efficient management of St akeholder management Lastly, in order to effectively manage stakeholders within a project environment, it is

Self steem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Self steem - Essay Example Lauren Slater in her article The Trouble with Self-Esteem tries to make a reply with examination of various scientists’ controversial views. It is relevant to say that there is no common and sole opinion concerning the correlation between self-esteem and felonies. Due to David Long in most cases terrorists and bandits keep a feeling of great dissatisfaction deep inside. Therefore, when culprits break a law, they attempt to compensate own worthlessness with a help of â€Å"significant† actions, so â€Å"the less confidence you have, the worse you do† (qtd. in Slater 44). In contrast to that point of view, Nicholas Emler believes that â€Å"there is absolutely no evidence that low self-esteem is particularly harmful† (qtd. in Slater 44). Moreover, there is an assumption that people with low self-esteem do much better in life and achieve more than people with high self-esteem. On the one part it really makes sense. A person with low self-esteem will always tr y harder, because of his own farfetched inability and weakness to do something properly. And person with high self-esteem will be more passive, falsely believing that everything is possible and achievable for him. But on the other hand these examples may be scrutinized differently.

Analysis of the Chinese films Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of the Chinese films - Essay Example As pointed out, the protagonist was forced to be the custodian of Kosaburo Hanaya and Dong Hanchen. Before this incident, Ma Dasan’s life was flowing slowly without much problem. But this incident forced Ma Dasan to be in a dilemmatic situation because the person who handed over the prisoners pointed out that he must look after the prisoners with due care. The following events include the futile effort undertaken by Ma Dasan to keep the prisoners safe, hiring of One Stroke Liu to execute the prisoners and failure to do so, Kosaburo Hanaya’s return to his homeland, and the fire in Ma Dasan’s village, Ma Dasan’s attempt to take revenge and his ultimate doom. The most shocking incident in the film is the large scale massacre at the feast. This incident ignited the feeling of revenge in Ma Dasan’s mind. Earlier, Ma Dasan’s role in the village (say, his community or society) was to obey the law and order without showing his hesitation. But this in cident transformed him from a passive individual to an active individual who is ready to give up his life for a noble purpose. A bird’s eye view of the film leads one to misinterpret the same as an anti-Japanese invasion genre film. But deeper understanding leads one to the realization that the director’s attempt is to mock the hypocrisy of the Chinese authorities and the mentality of the Chinese villagers towards the Japanese invaders. For instance, in the film, children are ready to share secrets with the invaders and the villagers feel satisfied by the supply of food grains. Besides, this unveils the passive attitude shown by the people towards the authorities. The fundamental problem of violence in the film faced by the ignorant villagers without a unified authority is two sided. For... The contemporary Chinese cinema is undergoing rapid but positive change. Nowadays, the Chinese film makers show keen interest to inculcate innovative ideas in their films. For instance, the film Devil at the Doorstep by the Chinese actor cum director Jiang Wen is one of the best examples which highlight the foretold change. Jiang Wen’s prior status as an actor did not hinder him from choosing the story line of the film Devil at the Doorstep, which carries violence and mental trauma faced by individuals in a closed society. The film was able to gain the jury prize at Cannes, but that did not help Jiang Wen as a direThe film Devil at the Doorstep by Jiang Wen was accepted by the international viewers but less accepted by the Chinese government. The main problem faced by Jiang Wen was the restriction upon individual freedom of a director with the international outlook. The main reason behind the less acceptance and ban on the film was the realistic and critical attitude of the di rector towards power politics, violence and its effect upon the individuals. The protagonist’s transformation from an inactive stage to activism and as the mouthpiece of the director to communicate with the viewers is the most important development in the film. The narrative feature of the film is conversational and less ambiguous because of the usage of the historical plot. The stylistic features of the film raise the same from its limitations to the international arena of cinematography.

Art and Architectural History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Art and Architectural History - Essay Example His life transformed in the year 1537, at the age of 30 when Andrea Palladio started to work under the famous designer Gian Giorgio Trissini Trissini shaped the life of Palladio, became his mentor, introduced him to the principles of classical architecture and other disciplines of renaissance. Trissini also introduced his protg to a wide circle of patrons and more importantly, gave him his name 'Palladio; suggesting 'Pallas Athene', the Greek goddess of wisdom', by which he was to later become famous1. Palladio's earlier commissions were to build palaces and villas for aristocracy. Later, he began design of religious buildings. Palladio learnt the principles of Vitruvius, the famous architect of olden days, (whose treatise was rediscovered in the prior century) through his books and the renaissance commentator Alberti. He became acquainted with the ideas and pioneering works of his contemporaries like Romano, Falconetto, Serlio and Sanmicheli. His mentor took him to visit cities like Padua, Venice and Rome and further introduced him to classical Roman and early Renaissance works. The socio-political situation at that time was instrumental in triggering a fundamentally different thought process in his design. Venice had by then become the center of a vast empire with not only military but also commercial enclaves around the area, because it controlled the Mediterranean region and it's trade routes. Noble families thus prospered economically and were turning towards large-scale agricultural activities. This prompted these Neo-rich families to shift their residences to rural areas, so that they could work clo se to home, as well as enjoy the peace and calm of country life. They needed homes, which had the magnificence of the royal Venetian palaces, but at much lower costs. Additionally these homes had to have the functional efficiency, which would allow supervision and storage of agricultural production, as well as serve as a place for repose and contemplation for it's owners. It is in this context, that his 20 odd villas were constructed. Design ideas developed by Palladio: As stated earlier, the central problem for design for Palladio was to synthesize a solution, which took care of the contemporary needs like functionality and comfort for the residents, while retaining the magnificence and keeping the cost low. He found a 3-point solution to the problem: 1. Dramatic external motifs: The external faade had a clear classical influence including column orders but with understated grace and symmetry rather than elaboration. 2. Economic materials: His earlier working experience with brick-laying and masonry prompted him to use bricks clad in stucco instead of marble and stone which had to be procured from far off places, thus reducing costs substantially. 3. Inner harmony and balance of interior spaces: This is where much of his innovative design work was done. His rationality concluded that a sense of space is closely connected with its purpose2, and that the successful synthesis of forms, materials and purpose becomes 'space' (Palladian design, Reading Architectural History - Dana Arnold, pp135). So, his fundamental premise was that the interior parts of the house should correspond to the whole as well as to one another. We will have a sense

Business Statistics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Statistics - Term Paper Example It is imperative to note that there might be extra variables which cause movement in the observed variables and these are not taken into account when analyzing the correlation between the two variables.It is imperative to note that there might be extra variables which cause movement in the observed variables and these are not taken into account when analyzing the correlation between the two variables.Correlation establishes the association between two variables, whereas regression is to establish a numerical connection between the two variables. In other words, correlation answers the questions if two variables X and Y are related whereas regression gives the numerical connection between them.a) Straight Line Regression: The regression line is of the form: Y = a + b X, where Y is the dependent variable X is the independent variable a represents the y- intercept, i.e., the value of Y when X is equal to zero b represents the slope of the regression line indicating the sensitivity of Y to changes in Xb) Least Squares Method: The regression line can be estimated based on the Least Squares Method. The method is based on the concept that the best regression line is the line which is at a minimum distance possible from all the data points) The regression line gives the relationship between the two variables in the form of an equation.d) The least squares method gives us the equation of the line of best fit. It is, however, essential to estimate the reliability or ‘goodness of fit’ of this regression equation) The coefficient of determination is the square of the value of R (R2). The coefficient of determination is expressed as a percentage. In case R is +1 or -1, the R2 value is 1 indicating a perfect fit or a 100 % fit.  

Data Rules Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Data Rules Summary - Essay Example The more experienced nurse has internal decision making resources provided by past experiences and a better ability to recognize patterns based on those experiences. Additionally, the experienced nurse may not experience the emotional barriers arising from fear of making the wrong decision. Fear prevents creative and clear problem solving abilities.   One way to hasten the pattern recognition skills that are critical in the clinical decision making process of a novice nurse is to create rules that provide a process of intervention through modeling the situation and potential actions that are best suited to accurately resolve health problems. This modeling is based upon a hypothesis and then a listing of rules that lead to a sequence of decisions to be made accordingly. The model and rules naturally also promote the novice nurse to anticipate potential corollary problems and prepare by mentally exploring solutions—proactively avoiding or at least mitigating problems.

Proposal (Subject-Mental Health and Criminal Justice) Research Paper

Proposal (Subject-Mental Health and Criminal Justice) - Research Paper Example Here, we develop a proposal on behalf of a community mental health support group. This proposal is developed using empirical evidence from previous methods. Issues of public safety and ethics are paramount. As such, we analyze the process of law enforcement as applied to the mentally ill, and in so doing, we delineate strengths and weaknesses of traditional methods of dealing with these problems. Our population of interest is those who have not responded well to conventional clinical-legal methods. These are the people who have been traditionally called lost causes or incorrigibles. Our proposal builds upon previously successful models as a consolidated inter-disciplinary method. Briefly, our proposal is one of laissez faire. Forced participation in mental health and substance abuse programs are most often not appropriate especially for people who have the ability to independently improve their own lives (Chandler et. al., 2004). Ultimately, it is a profoundly human endeavor to help others live down their own shortcomings. This is a certainty upon which any method should operate. Although their presence is becoming much more significant, offenders with mental illnesses are still some of the most disenfranchised groups in society. Here, we propose improved methods of dealing with this population in a criminal justice setting. As such, we present the background and rationale for our proposal as well as its details and predicted outcomes. As we explore relevant information with respect to mental health and criminal justice, we are faced with certain questions. Do we include alcohol and drug abuse as a mental illness? How much is the system itself responsible for aggravating mental illnesses in the population? Does punishment (particularly confinement and isolation) make matters worse or maybe even create a lasting state

Diversity Among Society Essay Example for Free

Diversity Among Society Essay The United States is made up of millions of people that come from different backgrounds, religions and cultures. These differences are what make America the type of place it is today, because without these differences we would be just like every other country in the world. One of the biggest resources that we would have to help find information on Diversity would be the internet and this is mainly because we can find out almost anything that we would need on a certain race or culture. An article from US Life-U. S Department of State had a quote from former U. S.  Secretary of State Colin Powell that states, â€Å"America is a nation of nations, made up of people from every land, of every race and practicing every faith. Our diversity is not a source of weakness; it is a source of strength, it is a source of our success. That quote alone can explain the true meaning behind the diversity in America and why we are the way we are. Through all the information that I acquired during this course, I have come to a better understanding of my racial and ethnical background. I have learned that according to the American Community Survey conducted by the U.  S. Census Bureau there are roughly over 36 million Americans that claimed there American heritage and that great political figures such as John F. Kennedy had an Irish background. I have also learned that it was never easy for Irish settlers years ago, because in the late 1800’s through the early 1900’s Irish immigrants were considered poor trash and were treated as such. It took many years for the Irish to establish a good name in America and over time people would stop hiding their Irish heritage and proudly display out in the open the love of their background. It is very hard to tell what the U. S. will look like in the year 2050, because we are constantly changing and we will continue to do this throughout our time. One thing that I can say is that we will have more humans then we know what to do with, because modern medicine is figuring out new ways to help people live longer and stay healthier. As for the demographics in the U. S. go, I would have to say that all raciest will be about equal in population and the white race will no longer be the dominant race. There will be more diversity in olitics and in the media, because as of right now we have a black president and that is just the beginning of what the future will be like. It’s hard to say if there will ever be any big race wars in America, because in today’s modern world everything seems ok, but no one is ever really sure what lies beneath the surface of individual groups. There could be a great race war that might happen in the future, or everybody will finally start to accept each other and we could live a beautiful existence. The challenge that the United States faces with diversity is that everyone is diverse and the want to be proud and show there true diversity. The main problem with that is that some other cultures don’t agree with them and they might want them to change their ways, or leave. This has always been a big challenge for the United States, because as time goes on we should be comfortable with diversity and accepting it along with ours, but there always will be certain people out there that will never change and they will make sure that they are heard within any means necessary. On the other side there are many great benefits that Untied States could benefit from with being such a diverse place. The fact that there are so many different views and opinions in America of the world around them, they could never truly run out of ideas. So many cultures offer such good things to America and they will continue to keeping adding on to that list. In today’s modern society certain individuals still feel the need for racial security and what that means is that someone might still feel more comfortable around their own kind. For example; a white family starts to pack up out of their home and move away from a changing neighborhood. The family finds a place that is more suitable towards their own security which is an all white suburb. The enroll their kids in an all white school and feel that nothing bad will happen to them. Little do they know is that their son’s new friend from school is a thief and deals drugs throughout the school. As time moves on the family starts to see a change in their child’s behavior, as if he was on some sort of drug, they ignore it, because they are amongst white people are they think that things like that couldn’t happen. Fast forward a little more and the child is grown up and in jail for armed robbery. The parents are clueless and confuse, because they never thought that it would happen in an all white neighborhood. Now the point to that story is that in order to foster a climate for acceptance we need to understand that not every other race is bad or will corrupt their race; in fact if each race got together and helped one another out with this kind of problem they could share their experiences and find a proper solution for the problem. The issue with racial profiling in the media is that the reader does not understand what is going on and assumes that a certain situation is a result of that entire race. A perfect example would be the 9/11 tragedy, because after that the media and the people reading the media pretty much made it seem that the situation was a result of all Muslims, when in fact it was only a handful of people that had hateful opinions towards America. The media may not be all bad and include nothing but racial profiling; in fact the media can also showcase the coming together of different races. The media recognized that we would have a black president and that many different races had voted for him, because they felt that he could do the job right regardless of color or background. If everyone in America could understand the power that we have and this is not because we have missiles or a great army, instead it is because we have so many different cultures that bring many different things to our Nation. We would have the power of America’s spirit on our side and it would be hard to break the spirit and will power of that many different people. I am also one that sadly shown my negativity towards another race at one time and it might of not been violent, because it was only in my head, but it goes to show that almost everyone in some way and another will or have experienced that and the best way to overcome that barrio is to understand, research and understand another cultures meaning to behind what they do and then an alliance with each other could happen and we could one day become brothers and sisters of the world again.

Makes analysis Essay Example for Free

Makes analysis Essay An interview can be defined as a purposeful discussion between two or more people (Kahn and Cannell, 1957, cited in Saunders et al, 2003). There are several types of interviews, including structured, semi-structured and unstructured. Structured interviews have the advantage of all respondents being asked the same set of questions, which makes analysis of the results easier in terms of comparison and spotting trends. Semi-structured interviews are non-standardised, which indicates that the researcher may simply be using a list of themes and questions that need to be covered, but each interview is different, and will cover different topics, dependant on the variation in respondents. Unstructured interviews are informal and give the interviewer the freedom to discuss any topic, while keeping the research objective the main focus. The interviewee has the freedom to discuss their experiences without being restrained by pre-set questions. The author believes that the most effective interview technique for this type of research is to use structured interviews, with respondents that can be recruited to fit a set quota, which stipulates the age, sex and socio-economic group of each. An interviewer-administered questionnaire is thought to be preferable to a self-administered questionnaire, because of the nature of the questions, which will require the interviewer to record verbatim. A fixed quota requires the interviewer to recruit a preset group of people, and other quota requirements can be set to ensure that the interviewees are in a position to discuss the main topic (i. e. a condition of fulfilling the quota would be having purchased a house within a set time frame). The topics to cover during the interviews could include the interviewees experiences with their mortgage provider and estate agent during the process of buying their house; how they think the process could be improved, and a list of suggestions on how to improve the system, for respondents to select for themselves. By using a combination of open and closed questions, it allows personal opinions to be recorded, and specific attributes to be measured (e. g. the level of satisfaction of service that the mortgage provider offered, using the likert scale). Additional services to be offered would be identified using the research as outlined in section 4. 0. The element of aftercare needs to be considered, as any action recommended by the seller should be undertaken by the buyer, after the sale has completed, e. g. if plumbing is not up to standard, and the buyer has been informed of this, it is their responsibility to fix the problem when the property transfers hands. The proposed service is supposed to make life easier on its customers, by doing all the hard work for them. This may be an easier task once government legislation has passed stipulating the necessity for information to be provided by both parties before offers are made on the property. Changes in the overall process will eventually change the outcome and impact on consumers, but until then, consumers will simply have to cope.

Peer Group Relationships in Age Groups

Peer Group Relationships in Age Groups In the media, peer groups are made out to be the bad kids around the back gates at school they are publicised as those who make teenagers take up smoking, drugs and underage drinking but is this reality or the media hand picking out the sections to make a story? During this dissertation, I will look at what age peer groups are most influential; when are they a negative influence and at what age people most depend on their peer group. I chose this topic as it is an area of interest and relates to my psychology studies, I want to pursue this further at university and it will give me a deeper understanding in psychology and my prior knowledge will give me an advantage. This topic covers both psychology and sociology which will give me an insight to a new area as well as Furthering Pre-Knowledge. I will use many different resources during this essay including the internet, books, journals and e-resources; I will keep a bibliography of all references as well as in text citations. So, what defines a peer group? Collins English Dictionary puts it nicely as a social group composed of individuals of approximately the same age, whereas The American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy adds a little extra by explaining it is a group of people who share certain social characteristics, such as age, class, occupation, or education, and interact on a level of equality. An individual may be a member of several peer groups, including friends, schoolmates, and co-workers. By looking into the effects of peer groups and their importance on different ages, I will be able to see whether all they are important for is making teenagers go down the wrong road, or whether their uses start at a much earlier age and are crucial to our development, new views show that a childs early relationships have a large effect on later growth and development. During this dissertation I will look at both sides to determine the age when peer groups are at their most influential and fundamental toward people focussing on the differences between peer groups in young children and those in adolescence. Peer Age Relationships Some believe that peer groups are a great participating factor in building our cognitive development; others think it lures teenagers into a detrimental environment. Edwards (1992) said, the increasing use of preschools, organized playgroups, and child care arrangements has brought the age of access to peer relations down near the beginning of life (p.197) whereas Erwin (1998) said, childrens earliest relationships are normally with the primary caregiver, usually the mother, and the rest of the immediate family. Edwards believes that peer groups are fundamental from the very early stage of pre-school to gain the ability to succeed in life, whereas Erwin believes young peer relationships are only with immediate family and do not strengthen until adolescence. How are peer groups defined in both young childhood and adolescence? By establishing this, I can look deeper into the two age categories and delve into how peer groups affect children in these groups and the use of their peer gr oup. Young Children Some theorists, such as Bowlby, Freud and Rutter suggest that early childhood is a sensitive period in life for social development; they also believe that certain types of peer experiences during this period can have an impact on the childrens later behaviour. Theorists such as Berndt, Hoyle and Bulowski theorize that one of the most influential factors that could have an effect on the stability of friendships is the initial quality of the friendship. Accordingly, friendships that have a positive, solid foundation will be more likely to withstand the test of time compared to friendships based on more negative attributes (e.g. mutual aggression, control) (Human behaviour, 2011). Young Children Infants People usually think that infants are not old enough to understand peers and they show no preference to people, many parents believe this is their only chance to hand pick their childs friends, but typically, infants orient toward peers by 2 months of age, make simple gestures by 3 to 4 months, and direct smiles and vocalizations to peers by 6 months, meaning that infants are aware of their peers and can distinguish and make decision, they are just more subtle at this age (Vincze, 1971). Among infants and toddlers, friendship has often been defined in terms of peer familiarity, consistency of interactions between the partners, and/or the mutual display of positive affect, sharing, and plays. For example, in research conducted by Howes (1983), dyads were considering friends if: at least 50% of their social initiations resulted in social interaction (mutual preference) one or more exchanges of positive affect occurred between partners (mutual enjoyment) One or more episodes of reciprocal or complementary play occurred between partners Howes found that 60% of toddler friends sustained their relationship over a period of months, and in 1992, Howes reported that toddlers friendships (particularly cross-gender friendships) often lasted well into the pre-school years. As said earlier, Erwin (1998) disagrees with this research and believes childrens earliest relationships are normally with the primary caregiver usually the mother and the rest of the immediate family. During the first two years of life, infants do not spontaneously seek out other children for interaction or for pleasure, even though six month old infants may look at and vocalize to other infants, they do not initiate reciprocal social play with each other (Human behaviour, 2011). Ross (1990) has shown that toddlers peer relationships are unique, in the sense that both partners tend to adjust their interactions they conduct with each other, and interact in ways that are different from the ways they treat other children (Young childrens peer relations and social competence, handbook of research on the education of young children, 2006). Young Children Pre School Years Vandell Mueller (1980) think that by as early as 2 years old, children prefer certain peers over others as play partners. Between two and five years of age, childrens interactions with each other become more sustained, social and complex. Solitary play is dominant among three year olds, but this strategy shifts to group play by five years (Human behaviour, 2011). It has been theorized by Howes (1992) that at this age, children have a level of emotional maturity to a degree that enables them to form close ties with their peers. Because pre-schoolers are better able to conceptualize, reflect on, and describe their friendships when they are at this age when compared to infants and toddlers, researchers have been able to use childrens self-reports to assess friendships (Price Ladd, 1986), although other theorists would argue that although they have a better understanding of their friendships, they still havent reached a full awareness of their peers and therefore you cannot rely on sel f-reports from 2 year olds, although, by the second and third years, toddlers begin to engage in more sophisticated forms of games and repricol play which shows that they are gaining peer awareness. The significance of peer relationships increase and change with age, peer relationships become increasingly stable, intimate and personally significant by 3 years, children usually have 22 contacts and Erwin (1998) believes children start to use the term best friend from the age of 4 and Hayes (1978) also found that preschool children could not only name their best friends they could also articulate reasons for liking them. Adolescence Adolescence is generally the term used for teenagers, the time when children are going through the most changes including puberty. It can be broken up into three sub categories, early (11-13 years); middle (14-18 years); and Late adolescence (19-24 years). The adolescent years have traditionally been treated (and still are by many authors) as an area of interest distinct from the rest of childhood (Erwin 1998). The sociology of adolescence has been dominated by a social problems approach that is, basic research has centred on those phenomena which appear to characterize adolescence as a period of individual crises (Credo reference, 26th Feb 2011). Relationships during this era have often been examined as entities separate from and largely discontinuous with those that went before, despite the glaring obvious proposition that the groundwork for transition in adolescence must have been laid in childhood (Coleman, 1995). During adolescence, peer relationships become more important and influential than parent relations. Early Adolescence Social relations are organized around the peer group rather than families or individual friends. (Credo reference, 22nd Feb 2011). The rapid growth of the teenage population as experienced in the 1990s has led to a rise in adolescent peer groups simply because the sheer increase in the number of peers that young people have has increased. (Steinberg, 1996). As the importance of the family in the adolescents life declines, whether it is from a divorce or from normal growth, friends move to the forefront. Friends are usually peers, that is, people of the same age, with similar backgrounds and interests. Peer group membership answers adolescents concerns about many things including their changing bodies. Discussing their fears with other young people experiencing similar physical changes and asking similar questions about their impact helps adolescents to accept their physical development. In several ways, the group reassures the individuals that they are acceptable and not abnormal. Pe er groups can help adolescents accept their physical development by devising means to hide it. Body differences appear less different when people dress alike. Each group has its own look, from sophisticated dressy, to designer labels, to ratty jeans and T-shirts, to whatever is handy. Each group presents an identifiable image through a style of dressing that clearly states what is acceptable. (Kaplan, 1993). Acknowledging that by early adolescence, peer groups have a significant influence on childrens behaviour Middle Adolescence Peer pressure is heightened during this stage and is mainly seen as a negative influence that provokes behaviour such as underage drinking and sex. Some researchers believe the children in this stage which are part of the in crowd are more susceptible to peer pressure than those who friends with peers who are kind, nice and well-liked (Science daily, 23rd Feb 2011). In a contemporary society, peer groups have become an increasingly important context in which adolescents spend time. Modernization has led to more and more age segregation-in schools, in the workplace, and in the community. Todays teenagers spend far more time in the exclusive company of their peers than their counterparts did in the past (Steinberg, 1996). Becoming a peer group member meets many adolescent concerns about social expectations as well. Late Adolescence Many teens try to balance school work with part-time jobs, dating and other activities. Todays teens also deal with an uncertain national economy, violence, AIDS, and other sexually transmitted diseases. With all this, teens lack the experience and the coping and problem-solving skills that would help them make good decisions about handling these stresses. Without such skills and given the almost complete absence of their families support, teens are at the mercy of their friends immature ideas about how to solve problems (Kaplan, 1993). Young people need to develop independence from their parents. They need to learn decision-making skills, to act on their own and learn to live with the consequences. But young teenagers find these goals confusing and the ways of achieving them even more so. They feel dependent on their parents because they privately know that they lack the confidence and the skills to succeed in the outside world alone. Adolescents, however, deeply resent this need an d view it as a sign of weakness, often covering up with arguments and impulsive behaviour (Kaplan 1993). Development Young Children Peer groups can have an effect on a young childs sense of well-being and belonging which are increasingly important concerns as education and child care settings have become a significant role in childrens daily lives throughout the world. Child rearing is acknowledged as a collaborative endeavour between families and early childhood education and care institutions (OECD 2006). Peer relations are high priority because of the fun and pleasure a child will get from being in the company of other children, which is most evident in play. Non-parental early childhood arrangements have proliferated because parents need to be employed and cannot simultaneously care for their children. Although, throughout the 21st century, these arrangements of early childhood care are seen as a means of enrichment for the child to help establish their developmental needs by meeting new people and other children to gain dependence from their parents and that is where peer groups start to enhance a child from one of the earliest stages in our lives. These adaptations have created the need for early years practitioners to think and act in new ways to help establish this development. Positive attachment relationships with caregivers influence childrens formation of positive relationships with peers and children who are in less conflict with peers are more likely to form positive relationships with caregivers (Howes, 2008). Interactions with peers (meaning other children) develop through multiple and recursive interactive experiences which are well scripted social exchanges that are repeated many times with only slight variation (Bretherton, 1985). From this, the child forms an internal representation of a relationship with a playmate, and from those playmate relationships friendships could evolve children who engage in repeated and complex interactions with a given playmate are more likely to represent the partner as a friend and the content of these interactions will influence the quality of the resulting friendship (Kernan, 2010). Factors affecting peer development A childs participation in peer activities and their social ability relies on a number of contributing factors which can either have a positive effect on their ability to create new peers. Relationships with caregivers As mentioned earlier, children who have strong attachments to their primary caregiver are concurrently and longitudinally more socially competent with peers even when controlling for parental attachment quality (Howes 1999; Pianta et al 2002). We sometimes incorrectly assume this is because sociable children from good relationships with all people, peers and caregivers. However, in order to master peer relationships the child needs to be able to explore and experiment with peers whilst making forays back to a trusted adult, if a child feels valued and supported they are more likely to make these steps and form stronger relationships, but those children who dont form a relationship with their caregiver are more susceptible to pick fights, refuse to let somebody play or hide from a bully as they dont believe they have the support of the adult (Kernan, 2010). In the introduction, it was mentioned that the first peer relationship a child makes is with their primary caregiver, whether thi s is with their mother, father, or teacher it is essential that children create the strongest bond possible with this figure in order to have the confidence to establish new bonds with other people including other adults and children their own age. When children are new to peer groups they dont know the games or the players which puts them at a risk of exclusion or withdrawing from already formed groups, this makes them miss the opportunity to play with others and develop new social interaction skills with other peers. This makes the time when a child enters a new environment such as a classroom an important setting for the development of peer relations. Setting A childs setting is a main contribution to their social development, for example, imagine a classroom setting in which most of the interactions were harmonious and respectful, in which children and adults worked together on projects, in which a child who was distressed or frustrated was comforted and helped, and in which laughter and other expressions of positive affect predominated. Contrast this with a classroom setting in which children were ridiculed for being different, talked to and touched in a harsh rejecting manner, competed rather than helped each other, and the general tone included mistrust and anger. We can imagine that the social development of children would take two different paths in these two extremes. Because encounters with peers become experiences of living within a group for the child, it is impossible to understand the social development of a child as isolated from the group (Kernan, 2010). Time and permission The main place where child to child relations are made are during play, which means the caregiver must create an environment that values play so they can have the physical space, materials and encouragement to pretend and play together. If a child is playing with another child and this is interrupted and they are separated, it may result in the children thinking it wasnt allowed, so it is essential that this importance doesnt fade into the background. Howes and Wishard (2004) say that the amount of time children engage in complex pretend play has decreased over the 20 years they have been observing in local programmes. This decrease is consistent with anecdotal reports that programmes are providing relatively little unstructured time for children to play. Without the time and permission to have play with other children, this could have a negative effect on a childs social and peer building skills. Strategies focussed on peer building The Government published its first national play strategy, earmarking  £235 million to: Make sure that every residential area has a variety of high-quality places for all children to play safely and free of charge à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ as a direct response to demands from children, young people and their families for better play facilities. (Department for Children, Schools and Families, 2008) This strategy will help to raise awareness for the profile of plays importance in childrens development, and people from all background have access to this funding. Although, despite the 2004 Children Acts statutory duty for government bodies to take into account the views of children when planning services, there is little evidence of this in this play strategy. 9 000 children were involved in the consultation of the strategy, but this was done online and the ages of the children were not given, and it is highly unlikely that the younger children who will be most affected by the scheme would have been part of this consultation. There were 42 800 respondents aged 19 and under that gave their opinions about services in the areas in which they lived, although this may be applauded, the views of the local population of more than 130 000 children from birth to seven years making up 39 per cent of those 19 and under were not surveyed. The BIG lottery fund is a grant making non-departmental public body in the United Kingdom created by the Government to administer funding to suitable causes following the creation of the National Lottery. This organisation decided to give  £155 million to Childrens Play initiative which was based on the recommendations of the 2004 play review Getting Serious About Play which defined play as what children and young people do when they follow their own ideas, in their own way and for their own reasons the report also mentioned how play was a key factor in development for a childs social wellbeing and their ability to form peers both early and late in life (2004). When the programme finished, 90% of Local Authorities reported that the programme had raised the profile of play, 48%of portfolios said BIG funding had helped them to secure extra funds and unexpected outcomes achieved included enhanced parental engagement, increased social and community cohesion (BIG lottery fund, 2006) There are also courses available for those to study child development and play to help enhance the social skills of children and so those primary caregivers like nursery nurses will now have a bigger insight into exactly what a child needs and how to achieve that to help them gain the skills needed to have the confidence to build more relationships when they advance to the older stages and have to gain ore peer relationships. Northumbria University currently have 12 courses available for early years, these include early years and disability studies to learning in families, schools and beyond. Most of these courses contain topics related to play and child development. The development of courses and funding which is now available shows how early childhood has become more recognisable as a major stepping stone in the formation of peer groups and their ability to give us fundamental skills we will recall on later in life. Peer Pressure Adolescence Most commonly, peer pressure is seen as the time in our lives when peers have the most influence over us Google will bring up over 3 million results for the search peer pressure. There are links including ways to deal with peer pressure, definitions and past newspaper articles that are related to peer pressure. 9 out of 10 teenagers will give in to peer pressure whether it is simply wearing similar clothes or under age alcohol and sex. Peer pressure can have a devastating effect on those in adolescence but it also beneficial by getting a teenager to do something they want to, but just dont have the courage or confidence for. Positive effects of peer pressure Friendship Amongst peers, teenagers will find friendships and acceptance and share experiences with these other teenagers that will build lasting bonds. Adolescence is a tough time of a persons life, you go through puberty start new schools and have exams and have to make some life changing decisions, having friends around you whilst going through this stage can have a positive effect on you. Studies such as the Effects of Friendship on Adolescents Self-Esteem by Thomas J Berndt and Keunho Keefe show that friends can build self esteem and bring out the confidence in people. When in a strange environment, it has been proven that when accompanied by a friend, your heart rate lowers. Positive Examples Peers can set good examples for each others. Having peers who are committed to doing well in school or to doing their best in a sport can influence a person to also be more goal-oriented. The same applies for peers who are kind and loyal which can influence them to build these qualities in themselves. Peers do not have to be somebody you know, for example watching Tom Daley diving at the Olympics could encourage another person to aspire to be like Tom. A teenager is more likely to copy somebody their own age than somebody older, so having a positive role model from the same age group (e.g. Taylor Swift for singing) is a type of peer pressure than can have a positive effect on somebody. Feedback and advice Adolescents are going to listen their peers, who can give them advice and feedback on trying new ideas explore beliefs and discus problems. They can help them to make decisions such as what courses to take, what haircut to get and issues such as how to deal with family arguments. This advice could help a teen through a rough patch and help them make life changing decisions for the better. It can encourage them to try new things, for example joining the school gym or art club. Socializing Peer groups give opportunities to people to try out new social skills, allows people to get involved with others friends of friends so to speak and gives them a chance to expand their circle of friends. Peers can help each other to build relationships or to work out issues. Encouragement Peers can encourage other peers to work hard to hit specific targets, such as getting a solo in the school concert or they can encourage you to study and aim high for your exams as well as listen and support them when they are upset or troubled and they can empathize with each other when they have experienced similar difficult situations. New experiences Some teens could be involved in clubs, sports or religious groups and they could help other teens to get involved in these too, helping them to gain new experiences, new likes and dislikes. Negative effects of peer pressure Although there are positive effects to having peers in adolescence, there are also negatives and a lot of stresses which can come from peers during this age. They can pressure people into doing something they are uncomfortable with such as shoplifting or doing drugs. These pressures can be expressed openly for example have a drink, its only one drink, everybody else is doing it or it could be more indirectly by simply providing alcohol at a party. But most peer pressure is much more subtle, without talking, a peer could let somebody know how they must dress, talk or the attitudes they should have towards school, parents and teachers in order to win their approval. This pressure to conform can be much more powerful than the more direct pressure; they dont want to look awkward or uncomfortable, so when unsure of what to do in a situation, they naturally look to others for cues about what is and what isnt acceptable. Drugs Peer influences have been found to be amongst the strongest predictors of drug use during adolescence. It has been argued that peers initiate drug use by providing, modelling and shaping attitudes to drugs. There was a study done by Farrell and White to determine how much peer pressure affected adolescent drug use, they included factors such as family are you more likely to conform with drug users if you were from a single parent family, no father or lived with a step parent. The results showed that although those who were living without a father figure were more likely to participate in drug use, it could not outweigh the strong relations between peer variables and the frequency of drug use found within the study, which replicates the findings of previous studies that have also found peer variables to be amongst the strongest predictors of adolescents drug use. Although, drugs are not just marijuana or heroin and other types of really bad illegal substances, drugs also include alco hol and cigarettes. Underage drinking is one of the leading causes of teenage death it makes you think irrationally, drink and drive or even binge drink until you are unconscious; all of these effects of alcohol usage increase the chances of ending up in hospital or six feet under. Although, peer pressure is not the only factor leading to underage drinking, there are other influences such as relationships with parents, parental or sibling drinking and the media. Underage smoking is a common peer pressure problem; someone who starts smoking at the age of 15 is three times more likely to die due to cancer than someone who started in their late twenties. According to a two year study by Carlos Bolanos, teenage smoking can lead to depression in adulthood. Teenagers are 80% more likely to try smoking underage if their friends and family also smoke; this is an immense amount of peer pressure to put onto an adolescent. Sex Many teens particular males feel the pressure to have sex before they are ready. According to research 63% of teens believe that waiting is a good idea, but few of those actually do wait. 1 in 3 boys aged 15-17 feel the pressure to have sex, often from their male friends, whereas only 23% of females within the same age range say that they feel the same pressure. This factor is what is making schools rethink about the delivery of sex education, and the need to introduce sex education at a much younger age. Although, there are other contributing factors such sexually transmitted diseases and the rise in teenage pregnancy, reports in 2003 showed that 1 in 7 sexually active 14 year olds have been pregnant, the report did not say whether they had continued with the pregnancy. (Colin, 2003) Conclusion

Matthew Henson :: Essays Papers

Matthew Henson Great Men Have Great Assistants â€Å"As I stood there on the top of the world and I thought of the hundreds of men who had lost their lives in their effort to reach it [North Pole], I felt profoundly grateful that I had the honor of representing my race.† With these words, Matthew Henson planted the American flag on the North Pole. During the past, black Americans have not received the acknowledgement they deserved. Such was the case of Matthew A. Henson. He was the first person to discover the North Pole, although Robert Peary is usually credited with this feat. Henson passed away in relative obscurity, in 1955, and was not given recognition until 1988, when he was reburied in Arlington National Cemetery with full honors. Matthew Henson was born on August 3, 1866 in Baltimore, Maryland. He was raised in Carrol County. At an early age, Henson’s mother died, leaving him alone to live with his father. Unfortunately the family experienced problems with the Klu Klux Klan. To escape the problems and make a better life for his son, Henson’s father moved the family to Washington, D.C.. While Henson’s father worked, he took care of the elderly uncle they lived with. While still living in Washington Henson’s father died, leaving him in care of his uncle. The uncle was mean and abusive to the point that it caused him to runaway from the only home he had. For awhile, Henson wandered the streets. He was a poor, ragged, and uneducated kid. What could he offer to someone to earn a living? Finally, he came to a small restaurant. The owner hired Henson to sweep and mop the floors, clean the kitchen and wash the dishes. Henson had no place to stay so they owner let him sleep on the floor of the restaurant after closing. One day, Henson saw a sign advertising a ship captain looking for young men to work on his ship. Since he had nothing better to do, Henson decided to sign up. That was the beginning of Henson’s sailing career. For the rest of Henson’s teenage years, Henson sailed around the world. He learned much aboard the ship such as: mathematics, navigation, the operations of a ship, and how to read books and maps. By the age of 21, Henson was a skilled and experienced sailor. Between his terms at sea, Henson would sometimes work to earn a little money. One job he had would change the course of his life. While a store clerk in Washington, D.

Assessing Issues of Gender in Social Work Practice: An Overview of the

Assessing Issues of Gender in Social Work Practice: An Overview of the De-feminization of the Female A better question would be to ask what we as a society can do to ensure that gender equality is not just an issue about men and women, but also an issue about the quality of humanity. "Every woman is birth-defective, an imperfect male begotten because her father happened to be ill, weakened, or in a state of sin at the time of her conception." ~ St. Thomas Aquinas Simone de Beauvoir's influential work, entitled The Second Sex, made mainstream society aware of women's rejection of the theories upon which her development and socialization were based. Through de Beauvoir's eyes we are privy to her perceptions of the injustices facing women, especially as women attempt to make their way in a male-dominated world. Her social criticisms range from the effects of socialization on female stereotypes and social norms to the imbalance of gender roles and patriarchal psychological theories on female development. She takes particular issue with Sigmund Freud's classical, psychoanalytic theory about human development. Some of her strongest criticisms are of Freud's psychosexual stages of development in which he seems to minimize or devalue female development, thus suggesting that women are sexually and socially inferior to men. The importance of what de Beauvoir is saying is that women's existence has been minimized, devalued, and left out of the psychoana lytic equation altogether in terms of development. While de Beauvoir chooses to study women in an existential perspective - taking into account her complete existence and environment - Freud has minimized the female experience to nothing more than inherent envy for the male org... ...n authority, but also to answer those questions when in authority. References Benjamin, J. (1995). Sameness and Difference: The "Overinclusive" Model. Psychoanalytic Inquiry 15(1), 125-142. Davis, L. (1985). Female and Male Voices in Social Work. Social Work. March-April. 106-112. Gilligan, C. (1982). In A Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Goldman, E. (1917). The Traffic in Women and Other Essays on Feminism. New York, NY: Mother Earth Publishing Association. Horney, K. (1967). Feminine Psychology. New York, NY: W.W. Norton and Company, Inc. Paglia, C. (1992). Sex, Art, and American Culture. New York, NY: Vintage Books. Paglia, C. (1994). Vamps and Tramps. New York, NY: Vintage Books. Schultz, D. (1990). Theories of Personality. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Incorporated.

Architecture History Pyramid Paper -- Architecture Essays

Architecture History Pyramid Paper Pyramids have been around for centuries, and for over 43 centuries some pyramids have been one of the tallest land structures made by man. Throughout the many decades, pyramids have been remade using modern materials and new technologies, but it remains a myth as to how the Egyptians were able to mold such a huge land mass with their lack of technology. One of the most famous pyramids to this day are the Pyramids of Giza. The most famous of all three pyramids of Giza, is the Great pyramid of Khufu as known as Cheops. Khufu was built by the Egyptian pharaoh Khufu of the Fourth Dynasty around 2560 BC to be his burial tomb. Khufu's son Khafre, who was next in the royal line, commissioned the building of his own pyramid complex which includes the sphinxes. Menkarure, who is believed to be Khafre's son, built the third and smallest of the three pyramids at Giza. Giza however, is more than just three pyramids and the Sphinx. Each pyramid has mortuary temple and a valley temple lin ked by long causeways that were roofed and walled. The great pyramid is believed to have been built over a 20 year period. They first prepared the site, and somehow transported the blocks of stone into there correct placements. In the process of building the pyramids an outer casing was placed over the surface, which was used to smooth the surface, but disappeared over the years. Several theories suggest that ramps were constructed from the sands and the blocks were pushed or pulled into place. Others say that the blocks were placed using long lever with a short angled foot. The Great pyramid was 145.75 m (481 ft) high, which is located in Cairo, Egypt. Over the years, it lost 10m (30 ft) off its top. The ... ... since 1972. This building has so many windows that in order to wash them all, it takes at least a month. The "wings" which start at the 29th floor are necessary near the top of the pyramid to support elevators on the east side and a stairwell and smoke tower on the west side. And being that San Francisco is prone to earthquakes, the foundation consists of a steel and concrete block that sits 52 feet underground and is designed to move during earthquakes. The companies responsible for the building and designing of the Transamerica building are William L. Pereira & Associates, and other firms which also shared input, were Lowe Enterprises, Dinwiddie Construction Co., Chin & Hensolt Inc., Simonson & Simonson, Glumac International, Western Waterproofing Company of America, and Cushman & Wakefield. The total cost for the Transamerica building is around 32,000,000.

Lean Supply Chain Management Essay

Manufacturing, Fall River, MA, USA Abstract Lean supply is closely associated with enabling ? ow and the elimination of wasteful variation within the supply chain. However, lean operations depend on level scheduling and the growing need to accommodate variety and demand uncertainty has resulted in the emergence of the concept of agility. This paper explores the role of inventory and capacity in accommodating such variation and identi? es how TRIZ separation principles and TOC tools may be combined in the integrated development of responsive and ef? cient supply chains. A detailed apparel industry case study is used to illustrate the application of these concepts and tools. r 2003 Elsevier Science B. V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Agile; Trade-offs; Lean; Quick response 1. Introduction Outsourcing manufacture to low cost overseas suppliers is an attractive lure in our global economy, but often undertaken without adequate regard for the market needs and the corresponding demands on the associated delivery systems. Products compete in different ways in different markets and delivery systems need to be designed with this in mind. Offshore supply offers attractive cost bene? ts, but the trade-off is often high levels of inventory to support a slower response capability.

Atv Design Report

police squad ID60000 BAJA SAE INDIA 2012 DESIGN REPORT Copyright 2009 SAE transnational TEAM THE CONRODS AUTHOR K. SUBHASH BABU. CO-AUTHOR KARN JAIN. synopsis The objectives of the mini-Baja competition be to excogitate and shape a fun to aim, versatile, hamperative, dur subject, and uplifted performance off high t crucify fomite. team members must go egress that the fomite satisfies the limits of treated shapes, go also to generating financial abet for the project, and managing their educational responsibili quarters. This fomite must be cap able-bodied of negotiating the near extreme terrain with sureness and ease.The 2012 SRM UNIVERSITY Mini-Baja Team, THE CONRODS met these objectives by dividing the fomite into its major dowry suborganizations. By examining the 2011 entry, the team was able break on m some(prenominal) name features to go bad meet the stated begments. Function plot (QFD) to determine which logical arguments were the most fine. These k ey parameters ranging from most unfavourable to least critical argon gumshoe, reliability, low cost, ease of ope proportionalityn and maintenance, and boilers suit performance. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONSENGINE Type geological fault Compression dimension Max forefinger Max Torque DRIVE lurchgond wind Transmission sky Shift mechanics SUSPENSION earlier Suspension put send Suspension Ground head Shocks and Springs nominal head Susp. Travel conjure Susp. Travel roundS Front Tyres Rear Tyres BRAKES Wor ability nomadic Type Pedal Ratio M C Bore Dia W C Bore Dia Brake book Dia maneuver Type Mechanism focussing Ratio Lock to engage up tippytoe 4 Stroke, OHV,B&S 304 cc 81 7. 5 KW 3600 rpm 18. 5 Nm 2600 rpm Mahindra Champion Alfa (forward Orientation) attendant Double wishb bingle Double Wishbone 11. adjoines Customized 5 column inches 6. 5 inches 22*8-10 22*8-10 Dot-3 Oil All pluck Disc 41 0. 8 inch 1. 6 inch 6 inch Ackermann bicycle and Pinion 10. 71 cd INTR ODUCTION&CONSUMER INFLUENCES THE CONRODS BAJA SAEINDIA fomite is intentional as a prototype for formulate by an outdoor recreation firm. The paragon fomite is right, simple and inexpensive. Addition whollyy, the fomite is pleasant to potential buyers in twain(prenominal) its optical appearance and performance. These characteristics be considered in number of the avocation major vehicle sub musical arrangements found, breaking, t compacting, and braking.Before any spirit could begin, we had to understand exactly who our customers atomic number 18 and their needs. To gain this understanding, we did extensive research that include market survey and interviewing both sea captain and nonprofessional local off-road enthusiasts. With this research, we determined that our customers are the BAJA SAEINDIA event and non-professional weekend off-road enthusiasts. We felt it requirement to distinguish betwixt the dickens to ensure that we followed all rules set by SAEI NDIA INDIA and to realise the weekend off-road enthusiasts in a safe manner within the SAEINDIA rules.With all necessity propose parameters determined for to each one customer base, we were able to combine them for an overall inclination of an orbit of design specifications that met all SAEINDIA requirements. We accustomd these parameters to acquire a Qualitative 1P ag e Turning r 2. 7 meters CHASSIS/OVERALL DIMENSIONS inning substantial IS 3074 CDS1 Tubular Frame boilersuit Length 2 degree centigrade mm Wheel ass 1490 mm Wheel Track 1143. 2 mm s pivot manning top of Vehicle 1520. 0 mm WEIGHTS Front Wheel aggregation 10 Kg Rear Wheel Assembly 11. 8 Kg Engine(with locomotive oil) 23 Kg Transmission(with 17 Kg lubricant) Chassis 55 Kg Dampers 8 Kg Expected Kerb fish 260 KgTARGET SPECIFICATIONS Parameters Speed Stopping surpass amphetamineup Gradability Turning circle dia. Ground Clearance Emissions Values 40 km/h 7m 11. 6 seconds 82. 2% 5. 4 m 11. 6 inches BS III the planes created by the arena cage and the number one woods helmet. SAEINDIA also require a 3 inch envelope when a straight-edge is use to any two tubing. Emphasis was contumacious on creating an soft manufactured drop cage with few recesss, minimal conjoin and yet is still both heat source and strong, hence the numbers of bends were unplowed to a tokenish.Roll hoop Overhead members and forrad Bracing Members are one conse geldedive bent on(p) opponent. offseter Frame situation tubes are straight and are bent inwards to connect to the reckon good luck mounts. The Side encounter Member is a wiz tube with a single bend that encompass the cable car from the Rear Roll Hoop forward. The bottom quoin of the vehicle is shaped by the LFS, SIM and straight tubes welded to the upper side shock tube forming a hexagonal await bulkhead victorious into conside dimensionn the gap design and drop-off in dead space establish on pass from the 2011 entry. A three-D view of the car is shown at a lower place set DESIGNOBJECTIVE & FRAME CONFIGURATION The objective of the skeleton is to encapsulate all Components of the car including a withdrawr efficiently and safely. With a bound amount of agent, the focus is primarily on the baron to freight dimension of the vehicle. The besides means to improve this critical parameter is to reduce the overall vehicle metric weight unit. majestic care is interpreted in lay out the chassis. SAEINDIA requires each vehicle adjust to a 95percentile male for all ergonomic evaluations of the design. The pertinent information is taken from Body-space Anthropometry, biotechnology and throw by Stephen Pheasant.several(prenominal) key guard duty factors in the design extremity set up chassis seethe cage layout and foot box design. For the lay out cage, SAEINDIA requires 6 inches of clearance measured from the inside of Principal aspects of the chassis foc utilise on during the design and execution of inst rument included device driver sentry go, rupture and drive-train integ symmetryn, morphologic rigidity, weight, and operator ergonomics. The number one precession in the chassis design was driver page 2 safety. With the help of the 2012 Baja SAEINDIA contention Rules and Finite Element Analysis (FEA), design assurance was able to take place.Rear Impact Next andtocks, advert analysis was make slice assuming 15,000N as the impact force. tenseness SMX-172. 22 N/mm2 FOS2. 43 MATERIAL SELECTION ii cloths were considered for the verbalism of the chassis AISI 4130 and IS 3074 CDS 1. IS 3074 CDS 1 poise with an OD of 25. 4 mm and a rampart thickness of 3 mm was elect because it exceeds the deflection pixilatedness and strength requirements of SAEINDIAINDIA which fertilizes tilt magnitude protection to driver. PROPERTY Tensile strength(N/sq. mm) supply strength(N/sq. mm) Elongation on 50 mm G. L Density (g/cc) IS 3074 438 376 32% 7. 872 AISI 4130 760 460 27% 7. 5 Side Imp act The undermentioned step in the analysis was to hit the books a side impact with a 5000N hitch. As a side impact is most likely to befall with the vehicle beingness hit by some other MiniBaja vehicle it was assumed that neither vehicle would be a fixed object. STRESS 237. 49 N/mm2 FOS 1. 77 It was establish out that the bending callosity and bending strength of IS 3074 CDS are greater than those of 1018 steel having a circular cross surgical incision of 25. 4 mm and 3 mm thickness LOADING ANALYSIS To mighty approximate the loading that the vehicle allow encounter, an analysis of the impact loading seen in the respective(a) types of impact scenarios was required.To in good order deterrent example the impact force, the retardant of the vehicle aft(prenominal) impact is generally assumed to be zero. To approximate the suck up with parapr bloc scenario that the vehicle will see, research into the forces the human trunk can endure was completed. It was assumed that this worst case collision would be seen when the vehicle runs into nonmoving, rigid object. Front Impact The freshman analysis to be completed was that of a scarer collision with a stationary object. In this case a deceleration of 20,000N was the assumed loading. STRESS SMX-177. 81 N/mm2 FOS 2. 36Rollover Impact The Final step in the analysis was to analyse the var. on the wrap cage ca utilize by rollover with a 5000N load on the cage. The Loading was apply to the two upper forward twist pip of the perimeter hoop with a compounding vector side way of lifes and downward. The load was chosen to be on two corners as this would be a worst case scenario rollover. STRESS 267 N/mm2 FOS1. 57 fabrication To maximize the geometrical consistency of the fancied chassis, all fixturing and measurements were establish on a single fixed coordinate system relative to a rigid tabularize on which the chassis and all dowers were bolted.Through the use of this table and good fixturing pr actices, the team was able to trump out assure that the chassis geometry, specially varlet 3 in critical sections such(prenominal)(prenominal) as the recess pickup truck particulars, correlated closely with the design specifications. In addition, measuring from aFixed location minimized permissiveness stack-up cod(p) to measurement error and component instigatement results. We suck in pertinacious to fabricate the second hub since it has minimum weight and optimized FOS. *Material Used to manufacture the hubs- high school Carbon vane *Hardening Process Done-Cyaniding SPACE IN DRIVER COMPARTMENTDRIVER EROGONOMICS trainr ergonomics has been our major concern during design of the frame and also during positioning of various systems in drivers cabin. Cabin is do spacious for safe and flourishing. All the cables and electrifys are routed properly so that they would not interfere with driver legs or hands. all the routings are make in design stage itself and ROH is raise d to a suitable top of the inning so that it would give proper vision to the driver DRIVERS fantasy WINDOW SUSPENSION objective lens A Mini-Baja suspension system must gratify the following design requirements.Control movement at the casts during vertical suspension impress and trailing, both of which influence handling and constancy. Provide ample sprung raft vibration isolation to avow satisfactory get at quality, while maintaining high pall-ground intercommunicate regulate and low tire vertical load fluctuation run to improve road keeping and handling. alter jumping performance by hold in sprung mass cavumch displacement while the vehicle is carryborne. Limit chassis roll during cornering to prevent roll-over, drop roll camber, and in that respectfore, decrease way reaction time and fall away tippytoe induced drag forces.Prevent excessively high jacking forces by managing static roll decoct of attention location and roll center migration. Limit late ral tire clean to maintain straight line stability and minimize horse cater losings at the tole wander suspension. Control lateral load transfer distribution to influence both steady state and limit of love over transfer/under steer handling characteristics. The non-professional weekend off road enthusiast requires a vehicle which exhibits both safe, stable, responsive handling and a soft, comfortable ride . DRIVERS VIEW OF THE CABIN Alternatives consideredSeveral diametric types of suspension system were considered originally selecting the independent unequal ramp up ternary wishbone suspension system for both present and levy. Unequal double A- lace In the design, suspension is supported by triangulated Aarm at the top and bottom of the knuckle. Advantages *Improved ride quality *Good road holding *Rigid links *More pick up over geometry *Wheel control is exact *Negative camber gain during vertical suspension affect. Page 4 motion SUSPENSION Setting static roll tot al A two dimensional outline was make after estimating the Centre of mass of the vehicle on paper. divers(a) references were taken to make a 2D sketch these include ? ? ? ? Track width of vehicle Front hub king pin axis inclination, king pin length, ball fit dimension Rim off set(for king pin positioning) Wishbone mounting point lengths form. Since we could not find flinchs that were less stiff than this we decided to go for the Auto makes as it satisfied our ride comfort requirements. A stiffer barrage was required in the idler to achieve the coupling effect of suspension so as to convert the stagger motion into a bouncing motion. base SUSPENSIONThe primary concern in designing the turn out suspension was to get the maximum possible pass away (jounce and rebound) such that the rear whimsical wanders were always unplowed in contact with the ground. The camber change in the rear racks should be such that there is not much appreciable change in camber passim the travel o f the range. The other factor taken into account was that we were having issues with the rear suspension in last years design as it was observed that the drive crack coupling was coming in contact with the lower wishbone in the rebound condition and this issue has been addressed and ascertain in this years design.The rear suspension go around treasure was fixed such that the inseparable relative frequency of the rear suspension is 20% greater than the seem suspension thus providing a bland ride over pick aparts by converting the stagger motion of the vehicle to be converted into bouncing motion. DAMPER SELECTION system for selecting springs The process began by selecting an appropriate oscillation rate for the apparent motion axle. A characteristic road frequency of 3. 7 Hz may be encountered at the competition. This is based on a vehicle revive of 40Km/h and a road show with bumps spaced 3m apart. The natural frequency of the suspension should be kept well below 3. Hz in order to neutralise any unwanted excitation. A former suspension natural frequency of 1. 20 Hz was deemed to be suitable. The wrap rate required to obtain this natural frequency was established apply the following equation (assuming sprung mass of 72kg/ wind) . 2 ? ? We need to lick the damping ratios for the front and rear suspensions. The design process will commence by loop topology completely. starting line we find the ratio for sprung and unsprung with jimmy to the perplex. Sprung mass was found to be 71. 456kg the sprung weight was determined while the sprung mass was 288. 54kg. The ratio is 0. 247. The natural frequency of the front suspension is set at 1. 2Hz. heaviness on each front wheel is 57. 71 kg. The max force of damping is granted by Fcd =2*Msp*wn. Critical damping force for the front suspension system is 1085. 73 Ns/m. For the un-sprung mass natural frequency would be Wn=((Ks+Kt)/Ms)0. 5 The combined stiffness of tire and wheel is 53. 24N/mm. Amp litude ratios were calculated for a rank of damping ratios. These amplitude ratios represent the ratio of apply displacement and the displacement that unquestionablely reaches the sprung mass.Amplitude ratios were plan against the ratio of applied frequency and natural frequency of the sprung mass. This chart shows the ideal damping ratio that should be utilise. This hold dear as obtained from graphical record is 0. 7 which gives a damping co-efficient value of 760 Ns/m. In the similar manner the rear suspension has a ride rate of 1. 56Hz. The critical damping force is 1960 Ns/m. The graph of amplitude ratio vs frequency ratio shows an ideal damping ratio of 0. 7 the damping co-efficient is = 0. 7*1960=1372 Ns/m. ? fn ? k wheel msThe ideal wheel rate for the front suspension was calculated to be well-nigh 40N/mm. The relationship between wheel rate and motion ratio (MR) was used to deduce the location of the shock actuation point on the lower control arm. k wheel ? (MR) 2 ? k spring We need to set the motion ratio according to the wheel travel we require for our suspension. A travel of 50 mm was required and a list of springs were collected and measured for their stiffness characteristics. According to this formuring the motion ratio for auto spring As (Ks=58. 57N/mm) wheel rate (Kw=41N/mm) the motion ratio was 0. 8366. Travel of spring per unit wheel travel)The travel obtained by this spring was lesser than was required we could only obtain 26mm of travel in Page 5 control DESIGN Objective of steering system in Baja vehicle ? ? ? To provide blowzy maneuverability of the vehicle over the undulating terrain. It must be durable to sustain the harsh offroad racing course. Less bump steer and return ability in steering Customer requirement DESIGN OF WHEEL HUBS Our wheel hubs have been designed and fabricated after an extensive research. Effort has been made for minimum scrub r and obtains the best possible wheel geometry.Adams and Ansys have been us ed to Simulate and analyse the behavior of these hubs respectively. We have two major design concepts 1. 2. 3. 4. optimum sensitivity Low turning spoke marginal feedback Low cost and easy maintenance Basis of our design We have decided to opt for a cd degree lock to lock rack and pinion steering with Ackerman geometry. Helical cut teeth will be used for the rack and pinion due to the following advantages over spur gears ? ? ? ? They take high loads. They are quieter and smoother. HUB 1 SCRUB spoke FACTOR OF SAFETY HUB 2 8 mm 4. 6 1460gm. 15 mm 5. 2 2506gmRulebook Constraints All vehicles must be equipped with positive wheel lock? to? lock stops and adjustable tie in terminal ends must be forced with a jam nut to prevent loosening Tie rod of vehicle should be secured by bumper in front or any other safety device in rear in order to avoid damage of tie rod during collision. WEIGHT Hence fetching various factors in to consideration HUB 2 is considerd for fabrication and stres s analysis is done on it. ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED STRESS DEFORMATION Rack and Pinion Good High Low Light 1. Extermely Simple 2. Gives good driving feel Recirculating ball screw really High Low High real High 1.Very Low free suffer 2. Non-selfreturn ability Worm and sector High Low Very High relatively Heavy 1. High free maneuver 2. Non-selfreturn ability FRONT HUB expertness tightfistedness Cost Weight Comments REAR HUB Calculations outstrip between King Pins (c) Using the formulae = 1117. 6mm FORMULAS FOR STEERING ANGLES ? ? ? cot O cot ? =c/b sin ? =(c-d)/2r sin(? + ? ) +sin(? O) =2sin ? Page 6 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? BOBLLIER CONSTRUCTION FOR wedge POSITIONING turning wheel spoke = (track/2) + (wheelbase/sin(average steer shift) here O=? o =outer wheel angle ? =? I = inner wheel angle Then ? steering arm angle r = length of the steering arm c= bigwig to kingpin distance d=length of the track rod b=wheelbase CALCULATIONS wheel base (b)=1532mm kingpin to kingp in distance(c) = 1117. 6 steering arm angle ? =30 degrees on central an comparing two results we get ? =40 degrees O=27 degres turning roentgen was calculated to be 2. 9m Clevis peg is used in rack to reduce the bump steer . The below externalise shows the clevis knock used Rack and Pinion design Rack displacement calculation wedge ANALYSIS FOS 8. 5 deformation stress From supra formula we get rack displacement =40+40=80mmThe picture of the complete rack assembly Page 7 Values No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. relic Symbol Formula Spur sky 2 20 11 zm/2 + H zm D cos? 35 22 Db 20. 67 23 24 Rack Module instancy angle Number of teeth Height of Pitch Line Centre Distance Pitch diam Base Diameter M ? Z H Ax D Adams results CALCULATION OF FORCES ON RACK AND PINION R=steering wheel radius = 165mm r=pinion pitch-circle radius t=number of pinion teeth = 6 p=linear or circular pitch =22mm E= enter steering-wheel effort = 2 * 20N W= create rack load If the pinion makes one revolution input steering wheel movement Xi = 2? siding rack movement Xo = 2? R = txp = 82. 86mm Therefore Movement ratio (MR) = Xi/Xo=2? R/2? r=2? R/tp=R/r= 165/11=15 15= W/E, w=600N force is to be applied on to the pinion to move the rack. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Ft = Transmitted force Fn = public force. Fr = Resultant force ? = ram angle Fn = Ft tan ? Fr = Ft/Cos ? Here ? =20 degrees therefore Fn=194. 95NFr=630N Opposite wheel travel Fig 3 chart 1 camber angle vs wheel travel graph 2 roll centre height vs wheel travel Graph 3 wheel rate vs wheel travel Fig1Shows the single wheel travel vs toe change and scrub radiusPage 8 POWERTRAIN DESIGN ? ? Engine and transmission are the loudest systems of the vehicle. Since the locomotive locomotive railway locomotive provided could not be touched(p) in any way, the only hitch decrease technique that could be take was through the use of proper mufflers. Various mufflers were tested on the engine but the assembly line muffler provided the least preven tive levels . It also provided the best fuel talent . So it was decided to use the stock mufflers considering the Go Green theme. The gearbox and CV joints should always be kept properly lubricated to minimize noise due to friction.To reduce vibrations transferred to the chassis from the engine, it is mounted on rubber bushes. The drive shafts are welded properly so that they are inline and no vibrations occur during rotation. The gearbox is mounted firmly in such a way that there is a minimum contact between gearbox and chassis which means minimum transfer of vibration to chassis. The fuel army tank capacity is 4 litres. ? ? ? Fig2 Shows roll steer vs wheel travel ? ? ? ? Driveline Power is contractable from the engine to the wheels in the following way Engine Stub Axle Chain Drive Wheels gearingbox DriveshaftOpposite wheel travel fig 4 Graph 1roll centre vs roll angle Graph 2 camber vs roll angle Graph 3 roll stiffness vs roll angle The Driveshaft consists of dowel pin on th e gearbox side and rzeppa joint on wheel side . This design ensures transmission of power with minimal losses and allows transmission at longer wheel travel Page 9 function Methodologies A customer expects the following things from the transmission system of a Baja vehicle away Orientation Gear Final Gear Ratio 31. 48 18. 70 11. 40 7. 35 55. 08 ? ? ? ? Max. Vehicle Speed (Km/hr) 12. 04 20. 27 33. 26 51. 59 6. 88 Max. tractive Effort (N) 2240. 7 1348. 28 821. 93 485 3971 nobble Orientation Final Gear Ratio 55. 08 32. 72 19. 95 13. 40 31. 48 Max. Vehicle Speed (Km/hr) 8. 17 13. 68 22. 19 32. 14 12. 75 Max. tractive Effort (N) 2990 1776. 23 move up engine orientation resulted in hassle with weight distribution and increased vehicle length. Using the transmission in forward helped to shift the center of gravity towards vehicles center. Due to decreased reduction it also results in increased vehicle speed. It also provides faster speedup and high top speed due to this crusade we decided to use the transmission in forward orientation.To calculate vehicle speed at different engine speeds in different gears, we used the formula V= (2*3. 14*engine speed*radius of wheel/Gear ratio)*(60/1000) km/hr. The gear ratios obtained are Chain Drive gear ratio = 28/28 =1 1083 818. 36 1708. 91 The following graph is obtained Tractive effort is calculated by formula F=Engine tortuosity*Gear efficiency/wheel radius The curves obtained are ratio*transmission First Gear Second Gear ternion Gear fourth Gear Reverse Gear High speed for acceleration and speed trials. High torque for towing and heap climbing events.It should be reliable and light weight. It should transmit power in any driving conditions. ? The gearbox operation should be smooth and easy for driving comfort. The engine used has low power to weight ratio, so its necessary to transmit power with minimal loss through drive train. It should be such that it can be easily couple with the engine. Alternatives considere d We had three options while deciding the transmission system a) b) c) A cvt mated with Mahindra gearbox. A custom made manual gearbox. Use of Mahindra angiotensin-converting enzyme gearbox coupled with chain drive. 3000 2000 1000 0 0 2000 4000 ractive effort in first gear tractive effort in 2nd gear The maximum Tractive effort obtained is 2240N at 2600rpm in beginning(a) gear. Providing an acceleration of 5. 6 m/s2. The variation of full throttle power with road speed is shown below with different gear ratio Our previous experience with cvt had problem of smashed ammunition slipping at high torque conditions. Also it resulted in increased weight. So we decided against using this. As we already had 2 champion Alfa gearboxes, we decided on using this gearbox alongwith a chain drive due to the following reasons 1) 2) 3) 4) Reduced chassis width.Can be easily coupled with the engine. Equal drive shaft lengths increased ground clearance. Minimum rear overhang better vehicle dynamic s. 60 2nd gear 40 1st gear 20 0 0 2000 4000 3rd gear We had 2 options for the orientation of gearbox A) Forward engine with engine in the front rear axle. B) Reverse engine orientation with engine behind of the rear axle. Total resistance of the vehicle at 3600rpm is found out by the formula R=k AW2+KW+WsinO. Where k= coefficient of air resistance N-m2. Page 10 A=frontal area of the car, m2. V= vehicle speed, km/hr. K= invariable of rolling resistance.W= weight of car,N O= side angle, degrees. The value of resistance comes out to be R=442. 64+2452 sinO. We put this value in formula RV/3600nt=power of engine By solving the above equation for o, we get o=33 degree at 2600 rpm in 1st gear. Stopping Distance Braking Efficiency Parameters Master Cylinder Diameter measure Diameter Brake pad height Diameter of the disc Co-efficient of friction of the bracken pad Force generated by both the bracken pads per wheel Braking Torque per wheel Weight of vehicle(with the driver) Wheelbase Heigh t of COG moral force front axle load Dynamic rear axle load 0. 11 m 56% Magnitude/value 19. 05 mm 32 mm 27 mm 162 mm 0. 38 3431 N 1040 N 360 Kg 1397 mm 601. 3 mm 1780 N 1650 N 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 2000 4000 gradabilit y in 1st gear Gradabilit y in 2nd gear Gradabilit y in 3rd gear BRAKING DISTANCE VS travel This shows that the vehicle is capable of climbing a 30 degree slope in 1st gear. This is more than enough for baleful off-road conditions. BRAKES The criterion of designing the brake system, as stated by the rule book is that, all the wheels must lock simultaneously as the driver presses the brake pedal.Our ATV consists of disc in all the quaternity wheels, as disc halt are safer, reliable and more effective than gun barrel brakes. Brake circuit used is nonsymbiotic in order to ensure safety We are using rotors of the same diameter for all the four wheels. Special ATV rotors and wheel calipers have been imported from Taiwan and tandem Master Cylinder of Maruti 800 is being used. impertinence linings and Rubber (flexible) brake hoses are being used in the circuit. A Pro-E model of the brake circuit in the vehicle Brake specifications Force of the driver on the pedal Average circuit coerce Pedal ratio Deceleration 400 N 5. 16 N/sqmm 41 5. 5m/sqsec Page 11 consistency PANELS The criteria for selecting the material for body locomoteels excitewall and belly locomote was as follows ? ? ? ? ? ? sentry go of the driver Rulebook constraints Weight of the panels Recyclability of the material used Cost of the material Serviceability of the vehicle INNOVATION Solenoid Operated recruit Extinguisher The body panels are shared into three parts Side panels, front bumper and rear panels. For increasing the serviceability of the vehicle, the panels and front bumper have been mounted using easily detachable clips.The materials used for the blazewall and belly pan are 1. 5mm thick aluminium adulterate stable gears, which are both lightweight and 100% r ecyclable. For body panels, 0. 2mm thick sheet admixture is used. It is also 100% recyclable. We have decided to incorporate following safety features in our vehicle 1. All disc brakes with cross circuit. 2. Corrosion resistant pure steel bolts with nylon lock nuts for all fastenings. 3. 2 glow extinguishers 4. First attend to kit 5. Spill guard and squish shield for fuel tank 6. Four point harness foot belts. 7. huge open throttle stop at the pedal. . Reverse alarm and brake lights. 9. Two 01-171 Ski-Doo vote out successores. 10. Steering stop at the wheels. 11. Rear view mirrors. 12. Ignition switch for engine, apart from pull start. 13. Electronic operated fire extinguisher. 14. laughingstock belt engine kill system 15. Driver emergency chat system This novel kind of fire extinguisher arrangement is operated electronically through a solenoid valve. In case of fire the valve is opened by a manually operated button and a jet of carbonic acid gas is released in the engine compartment through various angles.This effectively extinguishes fire in the engine compartment and stops its further propagation. Seat Belt Engine Kill frame This system is designed such that the driver will not be able to start the car until he engages his seat belt. The seat belt acts as a switch to operate the relay committed to the engine kill wire. When the seat belt is disconnected, the engine kill wire is grounded. Thus, the car cannot be started. As the seat belt is engaged, relay operates, and the engine kill wire circuit is now open change the driver to start the COMMUNICATION SYSTEMPURPOSE This is a two way communication system wherein messages and signals can be transmitted from the pit to the driver and vice versa. FEATURES The system uses two microcontroller based Arduino boards fitted with an ZIGbee communication module. Page 12 It is a transceiver. The signals are sent and standard with the help of color coded Push Buttons and LEDs. The actual tested system arrangement is shown in figure. BILL OF MATERIALS All the parts of the ATV are classified into eleven blocks and are given a unique ten anatomy part number.The cost of procural of the part or the material is mentioned and all the machining operations are stated clearly. The spread sheet calculates the cost of machining also. Finally, the sub total of the procurement cost and the machining cost is obtained which helps in grand total of the costs. The BOM gives the level of hierarchy to each part. Sub-Division Engine Transmission Brakes Steering Suspension Wheels Electricals Body Chassis Fasteners Safety Grand Total Cost(in INR) 17000. 00 16800. 00 6928. 00 4457. 00 29954. 00 40308. 00 7940. 00 5340. 00 16240. 00 1346. 00 8272. 00 154585. 00 Page 13ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AND REFERENCES ? ? BAJA SAEINDIAINDIA Rulebook. ASIA 2010 Gillespie, doubting Thomas D. , Fundamental of vehicle dynamics, SAEINDIAINDIA publication ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Body-space Anthropometry, ergonomics and Design by S tephen Pheasant. Automotive engine room Fundamentals by Richard Stone and Jeffery K. junky The Multi body Systems Approach to Vehicle dynamics by Mike Blundell and Demian Harty Theory of Machines by S S Ratan locomote Mechanics by N. K. Giri Machine Design by R. S. Khurmi Strength of Material by R. K. Rajput Google. com Howstuffworks. com Wikipedia. org Page 14