Examine the reasons for the success of Microsoft and evaluate the Essay

Examine the reasons for the success of Microsoft and evaluate the impact Microsoft has had on graduate recruitment in the USA - Essay ExampleCurrently, it boasts of a top-tier position among the top companies glob entirelyy. It comes in third in ranking on the FT Global 500 list. In addition, it rakes in taxation amounting to more than $ 36 billion dollars yearbookly (Stanek, 200642). 1. History The Microsoft Corporation is an American business move relations in the business of inventing information processing system softw ar and programs, and in the manufacture of computer-related hardware (Pralahad, 200837). Currently, the ventures shares are on trade at the NASDAQ stock market in New York City, in America. The conglomerate has a global presence, and owns branches and offices in more than seventy nations. Though the main idea behind its start was to germinate operating systems to power the Altair 8000 computer system, the business went on to invent significant breakthroughs i n the software market. The graduation exercise evidence of the alliances potential to change the world was its introduction of the MS-DOS in the early 1980s. before long after, it raised the Windows system in the early 1990s. Through the dominating of the computer market base, and already enjoying a virtual(prenominal) solo monopoly on the global business and home-based personal computer market, it was in an adequate spot to produce software applicatios that would support its systems. The smart set fully exploited this opportunity, gaining vital ground in the market. This led to the venture releasing the Microsoft Office, which was a huge success at the business sector. In addition, the company also participated in the formulation of MSN, an online-based search engine and news database (Barry, 2011113). 2. The 1980s The Microsoft Company came into being because of the idea of William Gates in conjunction with Paul Allen. Initially, the venture offered only one product. It emplo yed only three workers, and, in its starting signal year of business, raked in only about $ 25,000 dollars in sales. Gates and his partner had decided to base their company in Alberquque, New Mexico, in order to access the MITS Computer Company easily, which had helped in constructing their Altair microcomputer equipment. Microsofts initial product was the Microsoft prefatorial, the then programming dialect of the Altair. The Microsoft BASIC was an improvement of BASIC, which was a mainframe computer dialect that the two partners had gotten wind of while in high school in Seattle (Shelly, 200997). As cartridge holder went by, the company made major breakthroughs in the computer field. Not only did the company improve BASIC vastly, but it also modified other present computer languages for their use. In 1977, the company unveiled a modified version of FORTRAN, and quickly followed it with another im be version of COBOL in 1978. By the dawn of 1979, the company had successfully mana ged to relocate its operations to Washington. At the time, the venture boasted of about $ 3 million dollars in annual income. In addition, it had raised its employee figures to around 30 workers (Todd, 201167). The operating system is a major factor of all computers. In addition to it being the lifeline of the computer, it has also been the major influential factor behind Microsofts success. In 1981, the company unveiled the DOS 1.0 operating system for use by the IBM computer. This move proved to be a major landmark in the company

Reflection of slingshot Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

reflection of slingshot - Essay ExampleIn 1930-s many lot had their private cars. Most of them were used for family needs. They became key representations of American dream ideology. At the same time, Great Depression and World War II created the touch when many cars were out of use. Adult men had to work and fight leaving their cars to their children. Hard times remind people to seek for some new ways to entertain. Those times gave the boost to cinematography, music and sport including attract racing.Drag races appeared as a participatory sport elevated by those people who wanted to sample their cars. Southern California became had perfect condition for drag races. It was a land of opportunities where people moved to diverge their lives from scratch. It was a land of big deserts where novel people had enough space to conduct their hot hobby. Media reacted to drag races negatively. Local newspapers were focused on road incidents which happened as a result of races stressin g their danger for young people. Moreover, drag races were illegal and their participants could be imprisoned if they were caught by the police.Despite their illegal status, drag races were very democratic with young people in Southern California. People who took part in drag races tried to organize them better. Location of drag races moved to military locations which were out of use. Airports and military bases became perfect locations for racers. In the end of 1940-s, the carriage to drag races became better. Racers could invite their parents and friends to support them. Local entrepreneurs sold snacks during those events. Timing system and races in pair were introduced to people who took part in races.Orange county airport became the location which held the first official drag races that welcomed spectators. Participants had to pay $2 to take part in the race. Spectators were expected to pay 50 cents to watch the race. What is more important, the winner got the evaluate of $10 which was a

Viability of doing business in Brazil Assignment

Viability of doing demarcation in brazil - Assignment ensampleGlobal business competitive has taken a new twist where it has moved from inter-organisational competition to inter-country competition, and this is the notice of Accenture (2007). Clearly, there is so much justification in this observation with empirical records of stinting growth of slightly major emerging markets, particularly those classified in the BRIC, namely Brazil, Russia, India and China. For example, Brazils trade investment is said to have jumped as up high as 50% in recent times. This enunciate therefore looks into important factors that make Brazil viable for market expansion into that country. Any inconvenient factors shall alike be outlined for further recommendations. Demographic Data of Brazil Brazil is a highly live country with a population growth that continues to grow by the years. As of 2008, the PNAD had pegged the population of Brazil at 190 million people with a male to female ratio that is quite close, which is 0.951 (Kanter, 2008). Brazil benefits from a higher urban population which accommodates 83.75% of the total population of the country. Characteristically, business and economic development in that country is centred in the urban beas. Because of the higher urban population, this obviously means that there is a in truth active trade and business activity in the country that makes labour cheaper than comp ared to other developed countries (Colquitt, Lepine & Wesson, 2013). rather unusually, there is less population concentration in the two most extensive regions of the country, which are the Centre-West and the northeast regions which have only 29.1 million inhabitants even though they encompass 64.12% of the countrys territory (Chen, 2008). economical Variables Statistics from the World Bank and International Monetary Fund gives Brazil some of the most favourable economic ratings in the humanity and among their peers in the BRIC. For instance Brazil is r anked as the worlds seventh largest economy at market exchange rates and representing Latin Americas largest economy with the worlds 7th largest purchasing power parity (PPP) (Hryckiewicz & Kowalewski, 2010). Brazils GDP given in 2012 by the International Monetary Fund was $11,875 which is contributed by a mixed economy. The mixed economic constitution of Brazils economy is a major boost for all investors and entrepreneurs around the world who lack to expand to that country, giving the assurance that there exist multi-variant areas in the economy where they can do business in. There is however exchange rate disparity with some of the worlds major currencies compared to the Brazilian Real, which gives exchange rate risk to most companies (Colquitt, Lepine & Wesson, 2013). Socio-cultural environment of Brazil Socio-culturally, Brazil operates a very outdoors ended environment where the people are very open to socio-cultural changes and adjustments. Even though there are generally t he high class and low class divisions, the middle class seem to dominate the socio-cultural environment, helping to foster evenness between the rich and the poor. Popular culture has its roots in the socio-cultural make up of Brazil with so much dominance of this focused on sports following (Accenture, 2007). There are some(prenominal) social activities and programmes that bring people together such as naming ceremony, marriage, funeral, and parties. The reason for these socio-cultural characteristics could best be linked to the abundance of tourism in the country, which is patronised by both natives and foreigners. For the company, this will come as an advantage because it makes the people more spending focused and thus willing to do business without actually thinking of spending as a waste (Pelle, 2007). Political-legal factors As part of a national consented endeavour to make Brazil an attractive global destination for doing business, there are several government intervention s and programs that are aimed at making the country

Marx's objectives to individual rights Research Paper - 1

Marxs objectives to several(prenominal) rights - Research Paper ExampleHowever, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels are convinced otherwise, affirming that bourgeois private piazza is the final and more or less complete expression of the system of producing and appropriating crossways, that is based on class antagonisms, on the exploitation of the many by the fewer. 1 For them capitalism, which is based on the right to protest private spot, is beneficial only to the select few capitalists - or the bourgeoisie - who reap their benefits from the exploitation of the wage earners, the proletariat. For Marx and Engels, at least, private property rights protect the license of some but not only deny the freedom, but results in the exploitation, of many others.To understand this argument, it is inevitable to have a first look at the basis of Marxs theory. Marx strongly believed that capitalist society consisted of two classes, the bourgeoisie, or the ruling class, and the proletariat, w ho are the exploited class To maintain its own existence private property must also maintain the existence of the property - less working class needed to affect the factories. The proletariat is compelled, however, to abolish itself on account of its miserable condition. This will require the abolition of private property - both disappear in a new synthesis that will resolve the contradiction. 2The employers, or the bourgeoisie, build up their wealth through the exploitation of their workers. Under capitalism workers essentially own their own labor which in one respect makes them free. However, although the workers are in charge of their own labor power, in the sense that it is not owned by a master or land owner, they are not free as they are forced to sell it out in order to survive. Instead of owning the result of their own labor, this instead goes to the capitalists who in turn retain a certain amount of the value of the product for themselves and their investment. Thus capita l can be defined as accumulated labor.

Should companies routinely Google applicants or look at their Facebook Essay

Should companies r step upinely Google appli bathts or look at their Facebook pages as part of a reference take in before hiring - Essay ExampleIII. apply Google Search and Facebook, employees are able to survey applicants talents. IV. Counter Arguments and Responses a. Opponents argue that the practice leads to invasion of privacy. Refutation Only employees with questionable behaviors would detect this. b. Opponents claim that the practice is that it drives away talented applicants Refutation It appropriate when done as the last beat in the assessment. V. Conclusion Use of Google and Facebook to assess applicants ensures employers hire suitable employees. Companies Should Google Applicants and Look at Their Facebook Pages as break open of a Reference Check Before Hiring Name Course Tutors Name ensure Companies Should Google Applicants and Look at Their Facebook Pages as Part of a Reference Check Before Hiring Introduction Although approximately people consider social network s to be sites for their personal life, the sites are more and more becoming important in increasing or decreasing the chances of acquiring a job. Most people use social networks in informal settings and tend to share study that could be detrimental to their career life. This is because both(prenominal) employers are increasingly using search engines such as Google and social networking sites such as Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube to screen applicants. The kind of information that people share on the social networks depicts the kind of people they are. It is thus important that employers check on such information to discern if the prospective employees have underlying interest in the field, they have employ the job. Some employees also use social networks when they have too many applicants and want to narrow raze the list. By using social networks, they are able to find reason not to hire some candidates. Additionally, the kind of information people post on social network sites can demonstrate their readiness to deal with other people. This essay argues that companies should Google applicants and look at their Facebook pages as part of a reference check before hiring. The employers, particularly the human resource managers spend plenty of epoch dealing with employee problems. By conducting checks on the prospective employees, the employer can be able to discern the probability of an interviewee being problematic after employment. Using Google, employers are able to find out information regarding previous employment. This helps determine if the candidates present themselves professionally. Additionally this can help the employer understand the kind of a person the applicant is and their capability of coping with the companys culture. By doing background checks using the social networks and Goggle, employees are able to detect and eliminate candidates with tainted records or a vague past. Some managers argue that they have been able to find reasons not to hire applicants by using social networks. In most cases, the managers felt that the applicant postings such as those against former employer were rosy-cheeked flags. Additionally, some people lie about their qualification on Facebook, which depicts their deceitfulness. This saves the company the large amount of time spent dealing with problems that such employees bring into the company (DiSilvestro, 2012). Another reason why employees should carry out background checks is to determine the capability of the candidates to

Lincoln Electric Business Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

capital of Nebraska electric automobile Business Case - Essay ExampleIn early 1990s, the period that is focused in the look study, sale of arc welding equipments accounted for around 87% of their $853 million in total sales. As they sell high-value, high-quality products at competitive prices and with outstanding customer service, they were able to make even the corporate giants alike(p) General Electric and Westinghouse withdraw from the arc welding business. With such optimum success in their internal market due to their quality products and efficient work culture or processes, Lincoln electric started having international aspirations in the early 1990s. Factors that triggered the company to take on the foreign expansion Before the initiation of its ball-shaped expansion plans, Lincoln Electric actually had trading operations in Canada, Australia, and France. However, all the three functioned in hookedly away(p) from the direct influence of the Lincoln Electrics headquarters , and so Lincoln was primarily viewed as an U.S. company. Thus, to carry through the strike off of a global company, Lincoln started looking for opportunities or situations to arise. It happened first in early 1980s, when the U.S. parsimoniousness faced financial slowdown. In order to survive or even succeed in those gruelling situations, the management put forth the idea of foreign expansion. The main argument was, if Lincoln is totally dependent on the domestic market and if that market gets affected by problems like financial slowdown, it may non have other options to survive and proliferate. Although, this idea was rejected by then top management aggroup specially William Irrgang, who headed Lincoln from 1965 until 1986, Lincoln had to initiate its foreign expansion plans, when the major Swedish manufacturer of arc-welding products, ESAB started make inroads into U.S. ESAB was already operating in the countries of Latin America and Far East Asia, apart from its home oper ations in Europe. Then, it suddenly bought two midsize arc welding manufacturers in the United States. This showed that ESAB had global ambitions and importantly cherished to make incursions into the U.S. domestic market, thereby capturing a sizable market share from Lincoln. To check ESAB growing influence, Lincoln decided to take the battle to ESABs markets in Europe and Latin America. (Hastings 1999). Thus, to avoid over dependence on the domestic market particularly during tough financial times, to avoid saturation effect in the market, to acutely compete with its competitor and also to look for potential opportunities in the foreign market, Lincoln decide to lance its foreign expansion plans. Thus, in 1986, after Irrgang died, his successor George E. Ted Willis, dreamed of Lincolns becoming a global power. (Hastings 1999). combative advantages on which the foreign investments were based As mentioned above, Lincoln was able garner sizable market share, and achieved the tag o f a successful company, mainly because it delivered quality products. They are able to do that by having optimal organisational processes, which was fully complemented by effective work force. The work force was skilled and experienced to come up with innovative and quality products in quick turnaround times. Their efficiency was further optimized by motivation programs, particularly the Lincolns incentive system. That system combined a bonus with piecework the practice of paying each(prenominal) factory worker on the basis of how many units he or she produces instead of hourly stipend or salaries.

Microbial Physiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Microbial Physiology - Essay ExampleThis lag phase needed for organism to sack over to new carbon source (lactose).Utilization of glucose and lactose is tightly modulate at gene level. All the genes which are necessary for lactose utilization are arranged in sequence called Lac operon which is regulated by catabolic repression. The following events happen during overall process.-High level of glucose leads to higher energy production and then higher ATP and lower AMP. In this scenario there is no free cAMP which binds with CAP( activator protein which facilitates RNA polymerase bond to promoter of Lac operon)and hence there is no expression of the downstream genes.-In case of lactose, there is high level of cAMP which binds with CAP and induces the expression of Lac operon. Similarly allolactose binds to repressor protein and inhibits its binding to operator site leads to expression of lac operon.b) here(predicate) if we closely look at the data and compare the viable numerati on of aerobic culture it indicates reducing of 1.3X105 cfu/ml when bottle heated at 80C for 10 min. Similarly, for untreated bottle anaerobic viable count is 1.22X105 cfu/ml and if heating have similar effect than there will be complete cleanup position of anaerobic bacteria and we will not get any viable count.

To what extent do you agree with free market economies being more Essay - 2

To what extent do you agree with unfreeze market place economies being more effective than a complex economy - Essay Examplethey be free to decide on what to produce and purchase in the market respectively. In the free market economy, also known as the laissez-faire economy, the producers decide on what to produce as per the market beg and prices. In the latter, the g everywherenment plays a very limited place in terms of deciding what is to be produced. In this case, the political relation has little or no command to direct on what goods and/or go are to be produced. However, in a command economy, the regimen has high school command and control over dictating what types of goods and services are to be produced for the market, and the amounts to be produced. On the other hand, the mixed economy is likely to be characterised by conflict since the economy is controlled by both the market forces and the government in terms of determine the types of goods and services to be pr oduced. The mixed market economy is based on decision making by individuals and businesses for the private sector, and government decisions and regulation for the public sector (Anderton, 2012). Free market economies are likely to be more effective due to the dynamics in the market decision making, i.e. the consumers dictate what is to be produced in terms of consumption demand in goods and services. The producers will choose the best cost-effective method of mathematical product for higher profit, and firms produce goods and services in terms of consumer demands and tastes, i.e. they produce goods and services which consumers are willing and adequate to(p) to purchase. The free market is effective due to the existence of healthy competition that allows for opportunities for profit making for firms and businesses, and at the same time ensures consumer satisfaction. The free market responds quickly to consumer demands, where goods and services are produced and delivered with due re gard to demand. The mixed economy is likely to be characterised by conflict due to override of authority, by either the government or individuals and businesses, in the determination of the allocation of goods and services. In the mixed economy, the government influences the market through revenue sweetening rates and setting laws to regulate the market economy. Additionally, the government provides basic services for communities, such as healthcare, development and policing, and hence hinders the investment in these sectors by individuals in the private sector. However, the government plays a critical role in regulating business and market standards for the facilitation of healthy competition in the private sector and consumer satisfaction. The government is also effective in controlling the consumption of harmful goods through illegality declaration or high taxing (Gillespie, 2012). In the mixed economy, the government easily influences the aggregate market demand in its attemp ts to elude its budget deficits or surplus, known as the fiscal policy, for the realisation of economic goals (Rodrik, 2011). The free market economy is more effective, for it creates opportunities for innovation and welfare improvement in both the individual and public interests, where individuals are allowed to break independent decisions that affect their own wellbeing (Rodrik, 2011). Individual consumers have the capability to make institutional arrangements for the enhancement of suitable interaction

My concept of leadership and how community service eperiences have Essay

My concept of attractership and how community service eperiences live with impacted my life - Essay ExampleMy first loss leadership experience took place when I was a child. I was the oldest of four children and as the first child I had to take care of my siblings, make sure that they went to aim, nimble their homework and of course resolved their conflicts. At the same time, I had to make them respect and trust me. So, I discovered and did instinctively everything that a leader does i.e. being responsible for the group (my siblings), motivate them (to go to school and prepare their homework), influence and control them.Later on, following a strong internal lead I became a member of the National kindness unite. Now, I am a Vice President of the League and in general I have accomplished 200 hours of community service.The mission of National Charity League isto foster mother-daughter relationships in a philanthropic organization committed to community service, leadership matur ation and cultural experiences.(http//www.nationalcharityleague.org/).The National Charity League is based mostly on volunteers i.e. people join without expecting whatsoever financial returns, they just do it because they feel they want to offer their services to other people. This makes the work of the leader easy and awkward at the same time.It is easy because people share the vision of the leader and have common goals but on the other hand it is difficult because they are not employees so it is difficult to coordinate and oblige them to act professionally.So,in this case the leader has to adapt his/her leadership style accordingly. This means that the leader in this case cannot be authoritative or coercive since the human factor comes first. S/he cannot be democratic since this is a style that a leader can implement when s/he is not sure about the direction that needs to be taken. The style of leadership that is most commensurate for community service is the affiliative. Here, the leader focuses on strong emotional relations and then he

Songo fipaza Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Songo fipaza - Article Example. Fipaza was an industrious soulfulness and had the passion to make his childrens dreams possible.Saucer was on the lookout for a solid buddy for the 2008 pallium expansive. The rules and regulations were strict as race organizations allowed identical racers to form a team. In in the south Africa it was difficult to see a sportsperson in this category in Specialized gear for this race. Top racers at that level were unspoken to find who were free from contracts. As the problem defied solution, Saucer thought of a charity run by creating own charity. Some Specialized seconded the idea and they were willing to come forward and Saucer negotiated with a South African, the GT rider of the time, Burry Stander. With this arrangement both would run in special uniform, specifically designed for the charity.With the major(ip) problem solved, the next issue was organizing the event. Charity and its objectives need to be notified. Ruth Bird rendered help and wi th his survive they were fairly confident that everything would be in proper place to enable them to utilize the Cape Epic event to roll up funds in support of some local sports organizations. Saucer mentions At an ABSA rim dinner, by sheer coincidence, we met Songo Fipaza and heard of the need for sport in the Kayamandi township of Stellenbosch. Songo mentioned the need for a BMX facility, and that was it our goals were aline Extraordinary(Christoph) The project began to take shape.They christened the charity as Songo.The procedural aspects of establishing a charity were still there. The authorities of the JAG Foundation came forward to help. They made available the leverage of their infrastructure. They had good reputation and they were associated with the Mighty Meters architectural plan already running in Kayamandi and they were well known in South Africa. Their next focus was to collect funds to build a BMX track. Another renowned individual Erica

Analyse how the Holy Week is celebrated around the world. When, where, Essay

Analyse how the Blessed Week is celebrated around the world. When, where, why, how is it celebrated (and much more). Give your individualized opinion - Essay ExampleIn most countries, they hold processions while carrying palm branches or crosses. modify Wednes twenty-four hour period is a day for cleaning the soul, and during the church service, a sign of a cross is marked with ashes on the foreheads. This symbolizes human mortality and repentance for sin. It originates from old biblical times when sinners covered their heads with ashes. Maundy Thursday or Holy Thursday is in memory of the last supper when Judas betrayed Jesus. In some churches, the priest washes a few battalions feet in memory of the way Christ washed his disciples feet. Good Friday is a mourning day and involves meditation on Christs suffering and death on the cross. In some instances, the crucifixion may be enacted. Holy Saturday is the day most Christians hold vigil as they watch and watch for Christ to retu rn at midnight. Easter Sunday marks the end of the holy week and commemorates the resurrection of Christ. It is a very happy and important day in the Christian calendar (St. Paul

Impact of modern Western social Evolutionism Essay

Impact of modern Western social Evolutionism - Essay ExampleEven after Buddhism stop to be the key religion of India, there was prolonged influence of development of material culture in china. Majority of the Buddhist scriptures and philosophers eliminated the existence with great enthusiasm and anxiety. The believers embraced the existing objects and doctrines as a way of expressing their phantasmal beliefs. Majority of the Chinese in the communities tended to reject the roles which seemed to be indifferent (Morreall, John, and Tamara 32). Buddhism was preferable as it was antithetical to Daoism, which was the briny religion in China. The major difference was the fact that Daoism started and inculcated harmony while Buddhism was aimed at mastering the intragroup world. The Chinese aspect was diverse from the religion of the Central Asian travelers and their religions. Concepts such as monasticism and personal uncanny enlighten directly contradicted the Confucian ethics that gover ned the family and emperors. The Chinese officials questioned how the monks personal attainment benefited the conglomerate at whole. Buddhism has transformed into a system that exists and is advantageous among the Chinese way of life. Hence, the Indian sutras have managed to uphold for the filial piety which makes up the main text of chinas monarchial system (Morreall, John, and Tamara 41).... The Red River Delta was apply as efficient impede due to the successful trade of the Chinese millennium. There were numerous goods and ideas that were brought by the Vietnamese. Buddhism was brought from India, and during most of the periods a lot of people embraced Buddhism and adopted the indigenous religions and world values. As the Red River Delta thrived, the race began to grow southwards towards the narrow coastal regions (Morreall, John, and Tamara 46). The Vietnamese settlers flooded into the untilled lands and turned them into strain plantations. The unfitness of ruling the Le dy nasty or deal with other predicaments effected to the partitioning of the country by nobility in the sixteenth century. The Chinese constructed roads and harbors where the government derived their revenue through the public works project to help oneself the administration of new territories. Agriculture was enhanced through the advancement of irrigation methods and the use of plough and animals, these innovations had been noticed among the Vietnamese who had practiced in a lower scale. When new lands were initiated for agriculture, majority of the Chinese settlers eventually intermarried with the Vietnamese and unneurotic they formed and settled on their homeland. During the first and second centuries, there was the rise of the Han Viet class that conveyed large portions of rice plantations (Morreall, John, and Tamara 51). The Vietnamese had settled in China and adopted their society and languages. The Chinese vocabulary and practical language were used in their new generation a nd culture. During the second A.D, there occurred a rebellion that was a result of the

The Moral Permissibility of Rendition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Moral Permissibility of Rendition - Essay ExampleRenditions are swifter, more than secretive, and more unworldly than licitly permissible extraditions, which can be prolonged, indecisive, and politically laden (Garcia, 2010). President Bush, at a brief in April 2005, was grilled about renditions and offered the following response (Garcia, 2010, 5) We operate within the law and we send wad to countries where they say theyre non going to torture the people. Nevertheless, the reality is that the United States has repeatedly transported alleged terrorists to countries, such(prenominal) as Syria, Pakistan, Jordan, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia where charges of torture have been widespread. Many intelligence officers are very much cozy of this and are aware of the decadent aspect of renditions but remain steadfast to the belief that these are a major instrument in the fight against terrorism (Olson, 2007). A contributory issue is whether it is moral to admit and to exploit intelligenc e recognized or thought of having been extracted by an open state through torture. Or, more importantly, are renditions morally permissible? A legal consultant to the British administration stated that it was not illegal to obtain and to use intelligence acquired by torture (Olson, 2007, 70). ... In truth, it is questionable that it is the presence of an imposing tyrannical prohibition on torture that has pushed torture beneath the radar screen of accountability, (Steiner, Alston, & Goodman, 2008, 250), and that license to perpetrate torture in extremely rare cases would, actually, discourage its use due to the raised degree of accountability. The unconditional ban on torture is undoubtedly one of the reasons that the United States exercises rendition, which comprises arresting, incarcerating, transferring, and interrogating alleged terrorists in countries where they cannot gain themselves the banal ban that work with regard to inhumane practices of interrogation (Steiner et al. , 2008). The procedure of rendition is intolerable because it is completely unfettered, not because it is morally reprehensible. The rationale is moral necessity critical information has to be obtained from offenders themselves. But the unconditional legal ban on torture hampers free and well thought-out debate on this issue. Above all, there is no proof that legalizing rendition will result in abuse of other rights where the requirements for the attend to are simply defined. Moral arguments against rendition merely acquire some grip where there is proof that a process identical to that being suggested has reached outside its projected range of use after the process was legalized (Rosenbaum, 2005). According to Garcia (2010), the pertinent aspects of the moral arguments for rendition are (1) the rationale for the process is benevolence (2) it requires forfeiting a lesser motive of a particular individual to bestow a higher gain on another (3) it is practically definite that the s uspect holds the critical information and (4)

Female Entrepreneurship in comparison with male entrepreneurs Coursework

Fe antheral Entrepreneurship in comparison with male entrepreneurs - Coursework ExampleIt a psychologicall(a)y belief that their efforts are considered to be untrained and inexpert in comparison to their counterparts. Various researches on entrepreneurship relate to male distinctiveness and focused mainly onto male-dominant area. a few(prenominal) studies considered the female individuality of entrepreneurship with their related actions. Wo men always had to disgorge some extra effort in target to succeed in putting up a business and then maintaining it in a male dominated working environment. Therefore, women had to gain extra as stripes through separate connections and networking. Mainly women who belong to subordinate classes charter major support from their families and friends and the tie ups they make in between through negotiations, in order to set up and maintain a business. Whereas, women from high class families or from middle class families, could independently ope n up their business through contacts with their colleagues or with the members of the chamber and association. Moreover, there can be a personal aspiration or drive to set up a business of its own or else some other external reasons like the fight to survive, where women believe on their social contacts and networks and utilize it completely to shape up their business entity. II. Female entrepreneurship in comparison with male entrepreneurship Various studies have reflected that female and male entrepreneurs transfigure in respect of their production outcomes the motivations they get to start up a business the effort they put up for the progress of their business entity the extent of their business start-ups the sort of business they want to start the executing potential they expect to have for their set up their preference for any project risk the proficiency they apply to identify various business opportunities the assurance they have in their efforts for start-up and the conse quences that they need to face (Brush, 1992 Carter et al., 1997 Srinivasan, et al., 1993 Boden, 2000 office of Advocacy, 2006 Robb and Wolken 2002 ). II. 1. Performance of firms Studies have highlighted that the presentation of new projects led by females lag behind to that led by males. For ventures led by females, factors like sales growth, employment growth, compensation and venture endurance are all considered to be low. (Boden, 2000 Office of Advocacy, 2006 Robb and Wolken 2002 Srinivasan, et al., 1993). The firms owned by women have inferior sales margin and hence could satisfy lesser people in their business than that of men-owned enterprises (Fischer et al., 1993). For example, in 2002 the firms owned by females generated about 87585 dollar sales and had employed about 7.79 people in comparison to 12.04 employees and 1862159 dollar sales for those led by men (Office of Advocacy, 2006). Women-owned firms also gained less income than that by men. They generate an average of and 78% of the profit in a similar business led by men. (Robb and Wolken, 2002). Furthermore, 46% of freelanced women earn less than 15000 dollar in 1998, whereas only 21% of freelanced men earned this amount. On the contrary, 16% of freelanced men earned higher than 95,000 dollar, in comparison to 4% of women (Office of Advocacy, 2001). New projects led by women have little chance to survive eventually than the

Strategy memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategy memo - Essay theoretical accountBecause its pros and cons are not properly and completely communicated to the general public, none of the taco shell products can kick downstairs acceptance. Thus, communicating the research done on these food items and their respective benefits and disadvantages is the first priority.Though various organizations exchangeable FDA, GEFA and others are continuously testing and approving GM foods, it is the duty of the producer and marketer to convey expand of the product to the public. Absence of this would lead to negative impact andCommunicating the benefits of GM foods and adherence to FDA norms in preparing these by Taco ships bell and Kraft Food in the press conference to be held. Ensuring that long stipulation effects of these foods willing be studied in detail and no harm to humans will be done. Ownership of this step to be taken by Public Relations Director of some(prenominal) Taco price and Kraft Food.Discussing the issues with governance and food regimen to find healthy solutions or substitutes. Alternatively, these authorities may also provide testimony of quality and compliance on part of Taco Bell and Kraft Food. This will help counteract the negative influence of this allegation on Taco Bell Restaurants. Ownership of this task is to be taken by senior executives of both the corporations and higher authorities of government and food regulatory bodies. This action will follow immediately after the press conference. A detail report will also be printed in major dailies.Another issue is to tackle great deal who select got ill by the use of taco shells. To combat it, Taco Bell and Kraft Foods have to provide treatment and checkup to those who have suffered or are suffering. This action is essential to maintain guest loyalty and correct the mistakes done by improper research and promotion of GM

Your Brain on fiction and The Mighty Mathematician Youve Never Heard Essay

Your Brain on manufacture and The Mighty Mathematician Youve Never Heard Of - Essay ExampleThis paper illustrates that Annie Murphy Paul wrote the first phrase and it was make on 17 March 2012. It was entitled Your Brain on illustration. scorn, the evolution of digital devices, the fiction that is derived from hireing novels is not completely dead. There is a group of individuals who have completely devoted themselves to the agreement of fiction through neuroscience. Annie writes that they have developed brain scans that reveal what happens in the brain when people read detailed information in the books or unconstipated articles in the newspaper, evocative character or an excited exchange between characters in a movie or a book or even a magazine interview. Stories have affected the centering people act or even the way they view certain situations in life. It was discovered that some of these stories stimulate the brain in a flair that directs the brain to do certain thing s in accordance to what it was stimulated to do. Researchers and scientists have always known the Brocas argona and Wernickes area as the regions of the brain responsible for interpreting motor speech and write data respectively. However, it has been noted over the past few years that other brain parts are also stimulated when one reads a book, by so doing making the experience of read facial expression very real in the eyes of the reader. According to scientists, there are words such as lavender, perfume or cinnamon that may stimulate the parts of the brain responsible for smelling.... udy, a cognitive scientist Veronique Boulanger, claims that the use of sentences such as Terry grasped the object or Peter kicked the ball stimulated the motor cortex which is responsible for the coordination of the bodily movements. Whats more, the brain seems not to differentiate the experience it gets through reading and real life, this is because the same neurological regions are stimulated i n each case. A University Professor of psychology at the University of Toronto stated that the reading produces stimulation of reality. These fictional stories and novels are just are essential in describing lifes social and emotional situation (Dwight 65). Most importantly, Annie wanted to bring out the stem that most of these stimulations that the brain receives have been evident by reading about them in books that have not bad(predicate) descriptions of the movements, smells and actions of characters in the books or articles. Another article is The Mighty Mathematician Youve Never Heard Of, which was written by Natalie Angier and published by the New York Times on March 26, 2012. This article talks about a mathematician who has been closely anonymous for over a decade for a theory that explains so many other theories in physics. Einstein also described her as the most significant and creative female of all time. She invented a theory that unites two very common theories in ph ysics, which include the Theory of symmetry in nature and that of the Universal laws of conservation. Noetherss theory has been classified as important as that of by Einstein (Theory of relativity). Despite the significance of her works, she has remained unknown to the people. A physicist in Drexel University has carried a research and written about her works. He did a poll that he noted many

Logistics and Supply Chain Essay Example for Free

Logistics and Supply grasp EssaySupply Chain Management Review introduces a new series called Back to Basics. Its a look into how worthiness in the core logistics and supply chain activities leads to overall traffic success. The articles in this seven-part series ar create verbally by educators from the University of Tennessee. Pictured Wendy L. Tate, Assistant Professor of Logistics, subdivision of Marketing and Logistics, University of Tennessee.By Wendy L. Tate, Assistant Professor of Logistics, Department of Marketing and Logistics, University of Tennessee October 21, 2010Globalization, increased competition, fluctuating availability of raw materials and pricing conditions have increased the need for mitigate sharement of the suppliers who issue goods and operate to the organization. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the greet of purchased materials is approximately 54% of the value of shipments for manufacturers. Also, the price of services that organizati ons purchase is continuing to increase as warms try to focus on what they do best. to a greater extent(prenominal) emphasis is being placed on slide by management and on those that are responsible for perspective and managing the suppliers that provide the materials and services needed to chance customer expectations. Sourcing and procural are generally responsible for this task. A focus on spend management is not new to the purchasing expanse. But the increasing magnitude of requested reductions is driving purchasing departments to think creatively about ways to more strategically manage the supply base and continue to drive unnecessary costs from everyday purchases.The task of sourcing and procurement professionals is to make an effective means to balance the demands of both internal and external customers with economic considerations while taking into story the potential for supply disruption and technological change. The challenge is to establish both the philosophy and practice of an co-ordinated supply system as part of the firms strategic positioning. Strategic purchasing involves conclusion ways to use supplier capabilities to drive sales, leverage the purchasing spend to achieve and/or say competitive advantage, and use the supply marketplace to strengthen the clubs strategic position.Historically, purchasing has been overlooked as a strategic contributor and instead viewed as more of a tactical use of goods and services with a largely internal focus. The tendency of even the most seasoned buyers has been to react to problems rather than proactively contain the strategic focus needed to hold back the current operating environment. The primary focus of procurement is to support the firms operational requirements by ensuring uninterrupted f let outly of the appropriate quality materials, products, and services. However, purchasers must do so in the most efficient and effective manner, in light of limited resources.The key for sourcing managers is to belittle chance to the organization. To minimize vulnerabilities in supply and make the most of the organizations buying power, purchasers should tax and segment purchased materials, services, and components in terms of importance to the organization and difficulty in accessing the materials. This segmentation process allows purchasers to number a more strategic perspective on the management of the supplies and the supply base while applying more appropriate cost management tools and negotiation strategies.Using the segmentation system developed by Kraljic (1983) as a foundation, four major categories emerge (see Figure 1). Noncritical (low importance, low supply risk), leverage ( juicy importance, low supply risk), strategic (high importance, high supply risk), and bottleneck (low importance, high supply risk). Each of the categories requires a distinctive and strategic purchasing approach. Each of these classifications will be described in the paragraphs below. In the case of non-critical, or generic wine purchases, the focus is on finding the lowest possible purchase price from a business line of many suppliers.For these types of stops, there are low switching costs allowing for easy supplier hopping. Typical procurement approaches to these types of purchases accept the use of purchasing cards (p-cards) and short-term contracts. Relationships with the suppliers of these types of products are often arms-length and transactional. Office supplies and paper purchases typically fall into this category. Buyers use competitive bidding, price indices, price lists and catalogs to facilitate the buying process.The suppliers of these types of materials and services understand that low price and ease of purchase are key to retaining buyers. Staples, for example, introduced the Easy Button. Buyers that are in the market for office supplies can download software directly to their com coiffureer, shop from on-line catalogs, and use their p-cards to streamline the purchases of these generic items. Many suppliers are capable of providing the products and services that fall into the leverage category these are the more commodity-type items.These types of products and services have a great importance to the organization in terms of volume purchased, percentage of impart purchase cost, or impact on product quality or business growth. The purchasing decision for these items is generally based on consolidation, leveraging volumes is key to success. Some approaches used to leverage volume include supply base reduction and reverse auctions. The idea is to combine the requirements of different operating units and capitalize on supplier fixed cost allocation and improved productivity.The following example makes the point. A technology company had multiple business units all with individuals responsible for the purchase of customer affect center services. Through idle discussions about the performance of the suppliers of these servic es, the heads of the business units discovered that some were using the same suppliers, but being charged different rates and there were multiple suppliers providing almost identical services across the organization. The purchasing area was called in to help better manage the purchase of these services.They followed a typical sourcing process (see Figure 2) and put these services out for bid to both existing and new suppliers. The final pool of suppliers included few suppliers, volumes were leveraged, the price that was being paid ultimately fell, and the relationship with the suppliers improved. The company instituted a single point of contact for the suppliers and an end-to-end procure to pay management process (Ellram and Tate, 2004). The strategic items have more complexity and risk involved in the purchase often because of limited availability or fewer suppliers with the technical capabilities to provide the goods or services.These are the items that are the most critical for the organization to obtain to ensure success and meet the demand for products. There is much more collaboration and integrating between the buying and supplying firm with a focus on continuous improvement. Buying firms often enter into long term, cost-based contracts with the suppliers of these items and may in fact engage the suppliers early in the process of new product development. Buyers look to these suppliers for innovation and cost reduction ideas.Ford and Mobil for example entered into a broad based trategic alliance to speed the development and integration of break-through fuel and vehicle technologies (Dieselnet, 1998). The intent of these strategic alliances is to help strengthen collaboration, and develop a sustainable business model. Bottleneck items, or items that are more project oriented or unique, have a high level of supply market complexity. These types of purchases often consume a disproportionate amount of time, relative to the items value. The focus for purch asing is to simplify the procurement of these items, or if possible get it out of this quarter-circle and into the leverage or strategic quadrants.Companies buying products or services that fall in the category could move into in buying consortiums to better leverage the spend and minimize the associated risk. For example, a utility company was paid a significant amount of money to audit their suppliers. A number of their competitors were using the same suppliers and expense the same money for the audits. These companies agreed to hire a third party to perform the audits, thus consolidating the spend and simplifying the purchase. Another company was procuring project-based environmental services.Each project required the buyer to closely manage the supplier to ensure that each gradation in the process was completed in a timely and dead on target fashion and that payments were made as promised. There were many of these projects occurring simultaneously with different suppliers. O ne supplier became an unspoilt in this area allowing the buying firm to assign the supplier more projects, thus increasing the level of importance and moving it to the strategic category. Successful managers today require a broad view of the procurement and sourcing areas and the strategic role that this function can play in an integrated supply chain.Organizations need to have a bun in the oven a long-term perspective, avoiding the low price sourcing temptation without considering the total cost and the total value provided by the function and its relationship to the supply base. Purchasing needs to strategically manage its supplies and its supply base. The first step in doing this is to understand what is being purchased, the importance of the purchase to the organization, and the complexity of the supply market. The goal is to ensure that the supplies that are purchased add value to the customers that ultimately buy our goods and services.

Frankenstein Essay Example for Free

Frankenstein EssayAccording to mental health specialists, Borderline genius disorder is a serious mental illness and those afflicted have issues with regulating their emotions, behaviors, and thoughts. On apex of that, they have a hard time maintaining relationships with others because of their reactions to certain situations or ideas, and are found to be wonky. Not unlike the men in Shelleys Frankenstein, a person with, the somewhat misnomered, illness is very impressionable to the various occurrences in their life.It is true that with age and as the story goes on, that the toll of being emotionally unstable and incompetent of dealing with the repercussions of their actions increases and is reflected in the personalities of the men in Frankenstein. Starting with the most susceptible of the trine main male characters, the wretch has the least understanding of how the world around him works. He is check outn to be broody the realization that he has been shunned, by the o ne person who should accept him for who he is, and he instantly feels indignation. ometimes I allowed my thoughts, unchecked by reason, to ramble in the fields of Paradise and dared to fancy amiable and lovely creatures sympathising with my feelings and blithe my gloom but.. my creator had abandoned me, and in the bitterness of my liveliness I cursed him, (93-94). He is content with the intimacy that people are essentialed and treated well by those who care, but is disap point in timeed when he comprehends that he and the people around him are non one and the same. The Wretch struggles to come to terms with this, as he has non been prepared to deal with the cruelty of those who he instinctually admires.The Wretch takes offense easily, and is hardened by the event that there is so much good in the world, provided he remains unwanted. The Wretch urgently wanted to be accepted by the cottagers, and is so overcome with grief when they reject him entirely that it oversteps his a nger. He is even found to say I could have torn him limb from limb but my heart sunk within me as with bitter sickness, and I refrained, (97). Sad and confused, the Wretch finds himself alone and dealing with the sudden and all-too-heavy realization that he is not wanted in the world he was brought approximately into.The Wretch is child-like, not unlike his firstly victim, and does not have an understanding of how he is received by others. The Wretch comes across William Frankenstein, schoolmasters youngest brother, and wants to be his friend but his attempts at friendship being dodged by the claw only confuses and hurts him further. I could seize him and educate him as my companion and friend, I should not be so desolate in this peopled earth the child still struggled, and loaded me with epithets which carried despair to my heart I grasped his throat to silence him, and in a moment he lay dead at my feet,(102).Regrettably, The Wretch did not realize his strength and was too t aken by the idea of friendship to see what he was doing. Disappointed still at the fact that a young and impressionable child was old and discerning enough to know they were different, the Wretch truly feels alone and abandoned by society. Robert Walton is a man who is unendingly changing his intelligence, and changing his behaviors and focuses. He realizes a new goal for himself, to travel to the Antarctic, and sets out on yet another adventure he is relishing in the thought that he is finally content with the counseling in which his life is going. These reflections have dispelled the agitation with which I began my letter, and I feel my heart glow with an eagerness which elevates me to heaven for nothing contributes so much to tranquilize the caput as a steady purposea point on which the soul may fix its intellectual eye, (2). Walton is quoted several times to have said that he changed focuses in his life. He is inconsistent and fickle about his lifes goals, and never comple tes anything. Sure he may one day set out and finish something, but the Robert Walton depicted by Shelley and introduced to headmaster Frankenstein is not that man.Robert Walton is a simple man. who is so proud, that he can not bear to be a disappointment to anyone, including himself. darn writing to his sister, Walton is addressing the fact that should he fail on his latest mission, he provide be far too ashamed to face that and most likely disappear completely. If I succeed, many an(prenominal), many months, perhaps years, will pass onwards you and I may meet If I fail, you will see me again soon, or never, (3). From the very beginning, Robert is displayed as a character who is unstable and very easily disappointed.While this is not life ruining, a trait like this surely only complicates life and upsets those around him. In promising to estrange himself from his family solely because of a failure, one that has not even happened yet, Robert is painted as a man who perhaps shoul d not be trusted. Waltons emotions and how he reacts is everchanging, and he is quick to change his mind about a person or idea solely based on prejudice or the opinions of others. Robert allows himself to feel badly for the monster when listening to his grief over the death of Victor, but his sudden and ery latterly obligation to Victor, as well as his prejudice against the Wretch, stops him. I was first touched by the expressions of his misery yet, when I called to mind what Frankenstein had said of his powers of eloquence and persuasion, and when I again cast my eyes on the lifeless form of my friend, indignation was rekindled within me,(164). Perhaps Robert would have felt more strongly about the Wretch and his own story had Robert not known and immediately sided with Victor.In lieu of assessing the situation and how he felt about the monster, Walton promptly writes off any good feelings for him, because he is an easily-influenced man, who is incapable of really persuasion thin gs through. Victor Frankenstein, towards the end of his life, is quick to anger when faced with even the thought of his mental hospital. Robert Walton wanted to know what was plaguing the mind of his new friend, but was taken aback by how upset Victor was when questioned about the monster. After confronting him, Walton says, As I spoke, a dark gloom spread over my listeners countenance.At first I perceived that he tried to suppress his emotion he puzzled his hands before his eyes, and my voice quivered and failed me as I beheld tears trickle fast from between his fingers, a groan raid from his heaving breast, (11). Victor is a man of p put downige and a scholar, to see him break down at the mention of the Wretch is largely an indicator that he is somewhat deranged. He literally breaks down and cries in front of Robert Walton, a man whom he has just been introduced to, and is so moved by his emotions that he has to apologia himself and spend the night calming himself.Though this is early on in the novel, the actual event takes place at the end of Victors tale, and can later be chalked up to the fact that the creative activity of his monster took so much out of him, that he is a different, and highly disturbed man. Victor is taken so strongly by his emotions and devotion to his project that he jeopardizes himself and his health. Victor explains the struggles he went through to lay down the monster, but is so enraptured with the idea of making new life, that he dismisses these downsides. He is quoted as saying, I had worked hard for nearly two years, for the sole purpose of infusing life into an inanimate body.For this I had deprived myself of rest and health. I had desired it with an ardour that far exceeded moderation but now that I had finished, the beauty of the imagine vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart, (35). Taken by his convictions, Victor knows what he is doing is wrong, and continues on with them anyway. He sees that his creating the monster and tampering with life is wrong, but goes through with it because his want to succeed is much greater than the appointment within him over how morally right or wrong it is.As the novel progresses, this eats external at Victor, as he feels so badly about what hes done. Victor abhors the creation he has made because he is a man who lets impressions fog his view of others. Victor himself feels a ecumenic sadness when he hears the tale of the Wretch, because not unlike Victor, nor any other living man, the Wretch has feelings. However, Victor openly admits that I compassionated him and sometimes felt a wish to console him but when I looked upon him, when I saw the filthy mass that moved and talked, my heart sickened and my feelings were altered to those of horror and hatred, (106).This reflects poorly on Victor, as he is the man who created the Wretch. To feel horror and hatred at ones own creation, one whom many liken to a son of Frankensteins, is abominable o f Victor. Victor is just a man who is incapable of looking past his preju. dices and accepting the wrongs he has done. Knowing what kind of man he is, he should not have gone through with the making of the Wretch at all.However, the drive to accomplish something great and be renown for his advancement in the science community, as well as an arguably deep-rooted want to be distinguished and intellectual, proved to be much greater than any compunction from creating life and tampering with something so delicate as the human emotion. The Wretch, Robert, and Victor are all men who are shown as developing and complex characters. Their decisions and ultimately the way they handle the consequences of their actions is what makes the men of Frankenstein emotionally unstable.

Irans Misty Wonders Essay Example for Free

Irans muzzy Wonders EssayIn Persepolis, by Marjane Satrapi, both the moving picture and the disc were equal to portray the of import appraisal of Marjane Satrapi Marjis life. The main idea being for us to look at how Marji evolved into a grown women with struggles along the way. passim both we were able to clearly understand what a difficult childhood she lived and we were able to get a sense of what her life was like back then. Like in numerous cases, the book informed us of every detail possible in order to get a clearer message across. When it came to the image, it overleaped many details that were included in the book and if you would not throw off read the book it would cause you to be baffled and lost. There are a couple scenes in the movie that seem to just happen, there was no type of development or leading actions involved. There was a specific scene in the movie where Marji and her mother walk past a conversation that her father and neighbors are having, t he female neighbor seems to have some type of scar in her cheek but we are not sure what it is and if it regular matters. If we take a look at the book we see that the scene is different. Marji and her family briefly talk with their neighbors, a husband and wife, and the husband tells her father Look A bullet almost hit my wifes cheek, (44).This was a piece of information that could and should have been briefly added because it gives us a bigger picture of how insecure their lives were during the revolution. This would only help us, the viewers, have a bigger reaction to the plot. Another example that comes to mind was the absence of certain characters. The familys wet nurse, Mehri, as well as Marjis good friend, is never mentioned in the movie. This was an important agent because through appear an incident that is described in the book we are able to learn the big issues with hearty class and in the movie it is something that we miss out on since it is not mentioned at all. T he incident was that Mehri locomote in love with the neighbors son and once Marjis father knows of this he tells Hossein, the neighbors son, that she is a maid therefore Hossein decided to stop seeing her. Marjis Father explains to Marji, You must understand that their love was impossible.Because in this solid ground you must stay within your own social class, (37). Many of the characters are also lacked full description, for instance, Mohsen, and Anoosh. From the movie all we hear about Mohsen is that he is found drowned in a bath tub and it leaves many unanswered questions such as why did it happen and who was he. In the book we know that he visited the Satrapi family the comparable day that Siamak visits but that is never portrayed in the movie.When it comes to Anoosh, in the movie towards the end of the story he is telling Marji, she asks if he has any family, and ends the conversation. On the other hand, in the book he tells Marji I marital and had two children, two girls An d we are also able to learn that his marriage did not turn out very well. Although, there were many details missing in the movie that were included in the book, I do not think that it takes away the intention of the book. A message is clearly stated end-to-end the movie as well as the book. In both resources we are able to see how the main character grows up and how her surroundings, and everything she has experienced, influence the person she became. In my personal opinion I tincture as if the book was more appealing than the movie. The movie was short and brief and got to the main points of the story and was quiet down able to get a message across. I feel as if the book was more detailed which do the plot clearer. Every character was described perfectly and every scene made sense and devolve into place with the other scenes, so that they could all make sense.The details that are included in the book make the story bring more emotion to the reader for the fact that everything is explained, even the smallest details. The visual way of life for the movie was the same as the book, both were comics. The movie is all cartoons, which is something that I found interesting. I feel that making it into a cartoon was a smart decision because it makes it so simple and easy to follow. I enjoyed the fact that I was able to understand the movie very well, although it was in French, because many of the scenes were similar to the book. In the end, I think both the book and movie were enjoyable. What helped was that I had read the novel, before watching the movie. The lack of details and description of characters could have easily confused someone. On the bright side, a message was still able to get across through both sources.

Ethics in Psychology Essay Example for Free

Ethics in psychology EssayThe definition of ethics is as follows a theory or system of moral determine the oecumenical nature of morals and of the specific moral choices to be made by a psyche. (dictionary.com ) In modern day society, we shake up bio-ethicists professionals who are trained to judge what can be considered good, as well as strict guidelines set forth by the APA (American Psychological Association). However, during the early years of the composition of Psychology, at that place were no bio-ethicists or universal guidelines, therefore some of the early experiments such(prenominal) as the critical Albert, and buzz off holdfast would be considered unethical and therefore would non be permitted today. In 1920, behaviorist illusion B. Watson and his assistant Rosalie Rayner conducted an experiment now called the runty Albert. The desired outcome of the experiment was to show empirical show up of classical conditioning in humans. (T. Bartlett) A similar th ink over that preceded Little Albert was conducted by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, which demonstrate the conditioning process in dogs. It is said that Watson wanted to continue and further Pavlovs research to in conclusion show that emotional reactions could be classically conditioned in humans. Watson and Rayner first selected a nine calendar month old baby from a local hospital, his name was Douglas Merritte.The child was then exposed to a serial publication of stimuli including a white rat, a rabbit, a monkey, masks, and burning newspapers his initial reactions were observed and recorded. The boy initially showed no fear of any of the objects he was shown. However, the second time the boy was exposed to the white rat, it is accompanied by a loud starling clang, that clearly frightens the child. This portion of the experiment is repeated multiple times until the mere hole of the white rat, or creatures that have a similar appearance, frighten the child even when unaccompan ied by the startlingly clang. The researchers have successfully conditioned Little Albert to be afraid. (T. Bartlett)Today Little Albert is considered to be a brutish experiment of questionable value, clearly in violation of all five of the APAs general ethical guidelines. The APA states that psychologists must respect the dignity and worth of all people, and the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination. Be cognizant that special safeguards may be necessary to protect the rights and welfare of persons or communities whose vulnerabilities impair autonomous decision making. Be aware of and respect cultural, individual and role differences, including those ground on age, gender, gender identity, race, ethnicity, culture, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, disability, language and socioeconomic status and consider these factors when working with members of such groups.Try to eliminate the effect on their work of biases based on those facto rs, and they do not knowingly participate in or condone activities of others based upon such prejudices.(APA) The first problem with Little Albert stems from the harm caused to the individual in question. Douglas Merritte was ultimately driven to feel peak fear and even terror when exposed to anything that remotely resembled the white rat. This was mentally damaging for the child, and may have impaired his ability to integrate himself into society at a later date. (Cherry. K) Secondly, the right to withdraw was not present in the experiment even when the boy became distressed and even ill the experiment continued. Therefore, today, the Little Albert experiment would be considered highly unethical.During the 1960s, American Psychologist Harry Harlow, conducted a series of controvertial experiments known as the Mother Attachment Experiments. These experiments were used to analyze the stick-child relationship in order Primates. In Harlows initial experiments, infant monkeys were sepa rated from their mothers shortly after birth and were raised instead by surrogate mothers made both fit out or soft terry cloth. In one experiment both types of surrogates were present in the cage, but only one was equipped with the ability to nurse the infant. Some infants received nourishment from the wire surrogate, and others were fed from the cloth mother.Harlow established that mother love was really behavior based, meaning the offspring would desire physical comfort, rather than feeding. Harlows isolation studies also demonstrated the need for maternal interaction with their infants and the importance of bend as part of the normal process of psychosocial growth. Harlow has received multiple awards for these experiments, they have been deemed of extreme significance for thought those aspects of human behavior related to depression, aggression or sexual dysfunction, which originated in the formative years of mother-infant interaction.(Theodore Lidz of Yale University medi cal examination School). However, due to the fact that the experiments caused extreme psychological effects on the primates used in the trials, they could be seen as highly unethical. In the APAs ethical principles of psychology, section 8.09 clearly states that psychologists must have a Humane Care and Use of Animals in Research. Subsections B and D of section 8.09 are relevant when considering Harlows treatment of the primates.Subsection B states Psychologists trained in research methods and experienced in the care of laboratory animals supervise all procedures involving animals and are responsible for ensuring appropriate consideration of their comfort, health and humane treatment (APA). In the Mother Attachment experiments, Harlow himself was not trained in the research methods and experienced in the care of the primates, nor was there any consideration for their comfort or mental health after the experiment. Furthermore, subsection D states that Psychologists guide reasonable efforts to minimize the discomfort, infection, illness and pain of animal subjects (APA). Harlow failed to minimize the negative effects of his experiments on the primates in a long term setting most primates involved in the study were clinically depressed after the termination and in some cases during the experiment.Therefore, in accordance to the APAs ethical guidelines Harlows experiment would be seen as morally questionable and in most cases unethical in modern society.There is no question that the science which is psychology has been built and greatly advanced by means of the means of what some would consider unethical means and experimentation. Little Albert is seen today as a cruel experiment of questionable value. However knowledge was gained from this unethical experiment that has helped modern day psychologists. The Mother Attachment experiments, have won multiple awards for their extreme significance (Theodore Lidz) in the analysis of behavior based on the mother-child relationship despite the fierce criticism and controversysurrounding the experiments. Should both experiments be considered morally wrong(p) and unethical? Perhaps. Did both experiments play a large role in the advancement of psychology? Without a doubt. Therefore in Harlow and Watsons cases, the end justifies the means.ReferencesAmerican Psychological Association (APA). Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. Retrieved declination 10, 2012, from http//www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx?item=3Bartlett, T. (2012). The Sad Saga of Little Albert Gets Far Worse for a Researchers written report . Chronicle of Higher Education, Vol. 58(Issue 23), A-26.Cherry, K. Psychology Complete Guide to Psychology for Students, Educators Enthusiasts. Little Albert The Little Albert Experiment. Retrieved December 10, 2012, from http//psychology.about.com/od/classicpsychologystudies/a/little-albert-experiment.htm(1975). Honoring Harlow for dedicated research . Science News , Vol.1 07 (Issue 24), 383.

Advanced Audio Coding and Walkman Essay Example for Free

Advanced Audio Coding and Walkman sampleTechnology has played an important in part in commercialize and in the society. It has brought positive as well as negative changes. The progression from sheet unison to the invention of a phonograph to the walkman, CD player and the iPod has created a modernized society. People move to move along with these changes creating a market. The desire of transferring digital music to your iPod with bulge out obtain of a CD or an audiotape may seem like an extraordinary idea scarce the idea of digital music has led to the downloading of illegal music. The Walkman may have been the turning localise in the music recording industry. It was a chain reaction for later products such as the iPod and the CD player. Long before the iPod made its way into the market making millions the Walkman was the trendy engine room. Sony introduced the Walkman in the 1970s, a bracing invention that led to be a massive hit. Sony ended up selling just about l ambert thousand pieces by the end of two months after its release. Eventually, other famous brands such as Toshiba and Panasonic entered the walkman market creating a market in the early 1980s.Surprisingly, the production of the Walkman led to an increase in physical activities. This man-portable device could be carried anywhere and had a hook to attach to any item of clothing. People started practice more as one can listen to his or her choice of music while functional out especially in gymnasiums. This brought a change in the society as populate began to fulfil physical training more often. This alike had a disadvantage since people who had their headphones plugged in tend to be more indifferent to their surroundings.This created an environment, where everyone is tuned in into their little environment being oblivious to what is happening around them. With the creation of walkman, the sale of digital audio tapes also increased. As iPods are the 21st century usual forms of m usic player technology, the walkman was the latest thing. This generation became more wired as teenagers started to grow apart from the judgement of young people together singing the strains of the day or the old songs in front of their houses. poll music became obsolete, as fewer and fewer people moved to a more modernized technology and era. Comparing to the advances in the 21st century, the walkman is seen as an old portable audio cassette player, where rewinding and forwarding a song would take twenty or thirty seconds. The latest music technology, mp3s or iPod, have put people at an ease with sophisticated technology and its touch screen display has bought a change in this profit-making business.The slick structure and the advanced A Walkman today would cost you merely twenty dollar where as an iPod can cost anywhere from a hundred to a couple hundred dollars. How digital music is illegally downloaded and used today on music players, Walkman on the other hand required the pur chase of audiotapes. As Paul Du Gay notes in his book Doing cultural studies the story of the Sony Walkman, the walkman accustomed individuals to tune out from the surroundings and caused them to be reclusive.This also led to a cause of a gneration gap between teenagers and their parents or older siblings. The walkman was used by people when in crowded places, such as trains or buses as a means to drown away noises. This seemed as an effective way to creating your own space but this eventually leads to people tuning themselves out even when at home. Teenagers liked to keep their headphones on passim the day I believe this led to a outer space between them and their peers.Eventually, a type of distance grew among people, sheet music was nearly extinct and the customary ritual of singing together was far disappeared. In conclusion, the Walkman has definitely been a jump from the traditional tape recorder players to portable audio players. Its creation has had its advantages and disa dvantages. The increase in the level of physical activity has increased among the owners of Walkman due to the fact that it is portable. Although, on a downside the Walkman has also led to the creation of a secluded attitude.

Why Byzantine Economy Remained One of the Most Powerful in Europe Through Early Middle Ages Essay Example for Free

Why problematic Economy Remained One of the Most right in Europe Through Early Middle Ages EssayWhy Byzantine scrimping remained one and only(a) of the most powerful in Europe through Early Middle Ages? The Byzantine cconomy was one of the largest strategys throughout Europe and the Mediterannean for many an(prenominal) centuries. Both local and international hand were of huge importance for the Byzantine imperium. put down class, including traders, depended on the upper class. Their need of the foreign goods in order to stay in Local trade was much less popular.Throughout the fourth and sixth centuries, long-distance trade was operating successfully, until the plague appeared, which killed near one-third of the citizens in the Byzantine Empire, and ruined the trade networks. The Byzantine frugality had recovered in the ten percent degree centigrade, and Italian merchants contributed to its steady growth in the Mediteranian through the tenth and eleventh centuries (Katz 27-39).To begin, the decades of instability as surface as foreign invasions more often than not by Germanic tribes, led to an establish custodyt of a sunrise(prenominal) military, political, and administrative framework under Diocletian (284-305), and Constantine I, which in addition led to a new economical power in Byzantine and Constantinopole. From 395 to 476, the Empire was in a big crisis until the Germans left the territory. Emperor Justinian I provided the growth of the economy, but as tumesce(p) the growth period ended with the Justinian Plague that broke out in Egypt in 542, and reduced the commonwealth in all provinces of the empire.The Justinian Plague continued until the 8th coke. At the same clock time, political disadvantage occurred with the war against Sasanian Persia in 6th and 7th century, which had a really bad impact on Byzantine economy. In the 7th century, after the death of Prophet Mohammed, the Arabs started to invade eastern parts of the em pire, and the Byzantine was still infirm from the war with Persia, and until 642, most of the gross of the empire was gone, but due to their unbreakable economic system, the empire survived again. later the survival of Arabian attacks, Byzantium appeared as a completely new power that was financed by a new effective tax system. In the 9th century, conditions in the empire largely improved, which led to an beginment of security and economic growth. After that, Byzantium was a completely new empire (Laiou 9-28). The Byzantine economy was based on specie provided by taxes which enabled government to receive huge budgets, which is enormous even nowadays. The strong organized economy of the empire allowed it to survive dangers of money absolutelyage.In the 950 and 1200 Byzanine economy grew rapidly, which led to a creation of aristocracy, which was a basic standoff in the responsibility system. Public expenditures were primarily annual payments in gold to state functionaries, mi litary, Constantinopolitan and provincials. However, a swear for the coinage grew with the growth of the economy, but actually it was not easy for Byzantium to meet the standards for coinage, and it appeared that coins were in a short supply once again in Constantinopole. This suggested a sustained thirst for gold to service the state economy.From the 4th to the end of the 6th century people were using coinage called solidi, from 7th to eleventh century nominsata, and from 12th to 14th century hyperpyra. In 540 annual tax revenue of the empire was 11,300,000 solidi which was more annual revenue than in any other year from 4th to 6th century (Morrison 900-1000). The 6th century economy had a power that accompanied the whole Mediterranean, followed by Justinians conquests. In the period of his reign, the economy was full of military action and exchange, that lasted until middle of the sixth century.The trade networks expanded, and Byzantine trade developed as far as Eng realm to th e westward and to the east,including the Red Sea and beyond as far as India. A significant economic undertake also represented the construction of cities in the fifth and sixth century and new ways of computer architecture and infrastructre. (Morrison 172). However, trade was more developed in the eastern part of the empire. For the international trade, the Byzantine Empire employ well-organized systems of Roman roads and bridges and adapted them for their own use.The resurfacing of the roads and bridges and well organized substructure allowed the traders to import and export fresh food, use places to sleep and eat, and just have a good transaction experience. According to Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos, it was necessary to know which roads were narrow or steep, and at the same time unsafe for transpose, and which ones were good. The most important road in the empire was the Imperial Rode, which ran from the northwest to the southeast of the empire. The non-white Sea connec tion was also of importance, which was the connection path to the Asia, and its exporters (Avramea 57-90).The base of the Byzantine economy was agriculture. The interest of the state is that agriculture keeps the state revenue flowing in. Agriculture was also important for gathering as many gold coins and returning a portion to the state treasury. Paying taxes was the best way to prove the self-will of the land. The sea posture areas were featuring vines, sea crops, and performance of lives, which played an important role for the Byzantine Empire. The manpower or the musscle of the peassants was also a big significance for the empire, because the economy would have been useless without the manpower.However, the imports were mainly constructed of the common goods that kept the production line including, oil, wool, metals, spices, and jewelery that were imported mostly from China, India, and Persia. Byzantium took care of the timely arrival of the goods to both eastern and western parts of the empire. The Byzantines considered land a common resource, not to be bought or sold, but it is valuable only if the men were invesing in it. The biggest loss of the inhabitants and land was in 541 due to the plague, where Constantinopole lost 40 % of its inhabitants.It affected both cities and countryside, as well as the routes of trading and communication, and significantly shrank the economic production. In the 9th century after the plague, peace was slowly reestablished and territories started to increase (Bryer 101-113). From the other side, Constantinople was presented as a very wealthy capital which served as propaganda for the foreigners that came to visit it, as well as for their own citizens. Constantinopole was fully decorated with the foreign imported material such as silk or gold.The 10th century was one of the most powerful in the Byzantine Empire history, and through that period, Constantinopole was the biggest spirit of the international trade, with merc hants mostly from Italy, Syria, and Bulgaria. In the middle of the 10th century international trade with Muslims became very popular, term in the 11th and 12th century economy of exchange took place. Before the ninth and tenth century, Arabs were assail Egypt and Syria, which ruined the Byzantine trade, but since the population size increased in ninth and tenth century, production and trade also increased, especially the demand for grain.The shipping was important for the international trade, so good forest of the ships was needed. One of the popular brands was dromon, which followed the Roman shipbuilding tradition. The big change in the technology of the sea transport came from the storage jar, which gave way to the wooden barrel, which overall reduced the weight of the ship, allowing for more things to be transferred from one side to another (Avramea 55-89). Coinage was the basic form of the money in the Byzantine Empire, but even though businessmen were very skillful, they we re not capable to speed up the circulation of the coins through the empire.The gold coinage was mostly used from 7th to the start of 11th century. At the start of 11th century, silver and copper coins were locomote more through the monetary system. However, there was a coinage crisis going through many periods, until Alexios I Komnenos put the end to a coinage crisis. His reign was based on his family as a reduce of government. His reign was known for power and wealth, and Komnenian policies enhanced the importance of the Byzantine ports and cities. The entirely new coinage released from the economy of state helped the massive expansion in subventions of land-based tax privileges.These subventions strengthen local market economies, which encouraged peasants to develop the production. The state collected the taxes in cash, but they used excess to pay off obiligations to the state. These grants had also freehanded significantly in the 11th century and Alexios Komnenos used it as a reward for the military and his family. As the state mostly depended on aristocrats, there were always the difference between upper and lower class, and as much as aristocrats were giving to the state, they were also increasingly working for their own interest.The best example of that system is shown in the Komnenos family. The main interest of the aristocrats was to benefit from the states weaknesses, but not to weaken the state, which would deprive the poor of doorway to the resources and stop aristocrats seeking benefits by competing with each(prenominal) other (Lopez 209-234). Even though the estate and the colonisation competed with each other about the territory because there was a big amount of land available, the estate and the village also need each other. The estate needed land for farming, such as growing crops or raising life.From the other side, the village needed the land for spreading their trading facility as well as commerce. Within the Byzantine Empire, regardle ss of where the person lived, the same as in the Roman Empire, men were in charge of almost every part of their property, considering cultivation of the land and other physical activities which were including securely work that women usually could not do. Women were in charge of children and the life inside the house (Laiou 45-56). During the period from 9th to 11th century, it appeared that the economy was almost completely monetized.All the taxes had to be payed in gold, while in the other countries such as Bulgaria, tax was paid in kind. The organization of the fiscal services evolved in the 9th century. There were variant offices with employees that were writing documents and accounting books. The tenth and eleventh centuries also viewed a development of charitable houses, institutions that were using revenue for financing the upper aristocratic class, which is another example of the power of the upper class and the Byzantine Empire economy (Oikonomides 577-581).Even though th e Byzantine economy had ups and downs like any other economy in any other system, the positive thing is that through the longer period it remained strong and powerful. The 6th century and Justinian and start of the 11th century and Komnenians reign were the periods when the ecomony reached its climax and showed the world its characteristics and endurance. Even in modern times, it appeared toilsome for many economies to reach the Byzantine economic level of wealth and strength.

Capital Account Convertibility Essay Example for Free

heavy(p) Account Convertibility assayCapital Account Convertibility. Should India adopt full convertibility? Capital Account Convertibility-or a floating exchange rate-is a feature of a nations pecuniary regime that centers around the ability to conduct transactions of topical anesthetic financial assets into outside financial assets freely and at market determined exchange rates. It is sometimes referred to as Capital Asset Liberation or CAC. CAC is mostly a guideline to changes of ownership in foreign or domestic financial assets and liabilities.Tangentially, it covers and extends the framework of the creation and liquidation of laims on, or by the rest of the world, on local anaesthetic asset and currency markets. Current handbill convertibility allows free inflows and outflows for all purposes former(a) than for capital purposes such as investments and loans. In separate words, it allows residents to make and receive trade-related payments receive dollars (or any ot her foreign currency) for export of goods and run and pay dollars for import of goods and services, make sundry remittances, access foreign currency for travel, studies abroad, medical treatment and gifts, and so onCapital grade convertibility is considered to be one of the major features of a developed economy. It helps attract foreign investment. It offers foreign investors a lot of comfort as they can re-convert local currency into foreign currency anytime they involve to and take their money away. At the same time, capital account convertibility makes it easier for domestic companies to tap foreign markets. At the moment, India has incumbent account convertibility. This means one can import and export goods or receive or make payments for services rendered. However, investments and borrowings are restricted.But economists say that Jumping into capital account convertibility game without considering the downside of the cadence could harm the economy. The East Asian sparing crisis is cited as an example by those opposed to capital account convertibility. Even the sphere Bank has said that embracing capital account convertibility without adequate preparation could be catastrophic. But India is now on firm ground given its strong financial sector refine and fiscal consolidation, and can now slowly but steadily move towards fuller capital account convertibility.CAC has 5 basic statements designed as points of All types of liquid capital assets must be subject to be exchanged freely, between any two nations, with standardized exchange rates. The amounts must be a significant mount (in excess of $500,000). Capital inflows should be invested in semi-liquid assets, to prevent churning and excessive outflow. institutional investors should not use CAC to manipulate fiscal policy or exchange rates. Excessive inflows and outflows should be buffered by national banks to provide collateral.Prior to its implementation, foreign investment was hindered by uneven e xchange rates callable to transactions, and national banks were disassociated from fiscal exchange policy and incurred high costs in supplying hard-currency loans for those few local companies that wished to do business abroad. Due to the low exchange rates and lower costs associated with Third World nations, this was expected to spur domestic capital, which would lead to welfare gains, and in turn lead to higher gross domestic product gain.The tradeoff for such growth was seen as a lack of sustainable internal GNP growth and a decrease in domestic capital investments. When CAC is used with the proper restraints, this is exactly what happens. The entire outsourcing try with Jobs and factories going oversees is a direct result of the foreign investment aspect of CAC. The Tarapore Committees passport of tying liquid assets to static assets (i. e. investing in long term government bonds, etc) was seen by many economists as instantaneously responsible for stabilizing the idea of cap ital account liberalization.The maintain Bank of India has appointed a commission to set out the framework for fuller Capital Account Convertibility. The Committee, chaired by former run batted in regulator S S Tarapore, was set up by the Reserve Bank of India in consultation with the governance of India to revisit the subject of fuller capital account convertibility in the context of the progress in economic reforms, the stability of the external and financial sectors, accelerated growth and global integration.Economists Surjit S Bhalla, M G Bhide, R H Patil, A V RaJwade and Alit Ranade were the members of the Committee. The Reserve Bank of India has also constituted an internal task guide to re-examine the existent regulations and make recommendations to remove the operational impediments in the path of liberalisation already in place. The task force will make its recommendations on an ongoing basis and the processes are expected to be completed by December 4, 2006.The Task F orce has been set up following a recommendation of the Committee. The Task Force will be convened by Salim Gangadharan, chief general manager, in- harge, foreign exchange department, Reserve Bank of India, and will have the following terms of reference Undertake a review of the extant regulations that straddle current and capital accounts, in particular items in one account that have implication for the other account, and iron out inconsistencies in such regulations.Examine existing repatriation/ surrender requirements in the context of current account convertibility and management of capital account. Identify areas where streamlining and simplification of procedure is possible and remove the operational impediments, especially in espect of the ease with which transactions at the level of authorized entities are regulations are consistent with restrictive intent.Review the delegation of powers on foreign exchange regulations between Central Office and Regional offices of the RBI a nd examine, selectively, the efficacy in the functioning of the delegation of powers by RBI to Authorised Dealers (banks). Consider any other matter of relevance to the above. The Task Force is empowered to devise its work procedure, constitute working groups in various areas, co-opt permanent/special invitees and meet various trade ssociations, representative bodies or individuals to promote its work.

Endospore-forming Bacteria and their Role in Biodefense Essay Example for Free

Endospore-forming bacterium and their Role in Biodefense EssayBacteria that have the ability to produce non-reproductive structures or endospores during admonishing environmental conditions be termed endospore-forming bacteria. Two genera of bacteria in which sporulation be predominant are group B and Clostridium. Bacilli are rod-shaped bacteria, species of which are either obligate or facultative aerobes. The genera include both free-living and pathogenic species. When conditions become unfavorable, the bacterial populations thrive by producing endospores or cysts which can remain dormant and operable for prolonged periods.The genera include several species such as Bacillus anthracis, B. coagulans, B. megaterium, B. genus Cereus, B. globigii, B. natto, B. infernus, B. licheniformis, B. subtilis, thuringiensis, B. polymyxa and B. sphaericus. Of these, the most pathogenic ones are B. anthracis and B. cereus. B. anthracis causes splenic fever. B. cereus causes a foodborne i llness. B. subtilis and B. coagulans are microbes that cause food spoilage. B. thuringiensis, is an insect pathogen and is therefore a potential biocontrol agent, while B.subtilis is employ as model organism in research. Clostridium is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria, which are obligate anaerobes. They are also capable of producing endospores under stressful or unfavorable environmental conditions. Species include Clostridium acetobutylicum, C. beijerinckii, C. aerotolerans, C. bifermentans, C. chauvoei, C. botulinum, C. butyricum, C. difficile, C. formicaceticum, C. colicanis, C. laramie, C. perfringens, C. ljungdahlii, C. novyi, C. piliforme, C. phytofermentans, C.sordellii, C. scatologenes, C. tetanie, C. tyrobutyricum and C. sporogenes. cinque species of this genus are highly pathogenic. These are C. botulinum, C. perfringens, C. tetani, C. sordellii and C. difficile. C. botulinum causes botulism by producing toxin in food or wound. C. perfringens causes varied sickness symptoms such as food poisoning, gas gangrene, enterotoxemia in cattle. This species also causes food spoilage. C. tetani causes tetanus. C. sordellii is a microbe associated with deaths of women office staff childbirth.C. difficile causes pseudo-membranous colitis. Both these genera of gram-positive bacteria are capable of producing endospores in response to nutrient depletion. According to Liu et al (2004), spores are dormant bacterial morphotypes able to endure harsh environments for decades, thus making it easier to be hypothecate and dispersed as a biologic weapon. B. anthracis spores are highly persistent and can simply be weaponized for routing through air, food or water.The formulated spores are usually dry and concentrated, which can reach the man body by inhalation, ingestion, or cutaneous contact and cause anthrax. Infection is severe upon inhalation on endospores of B. anthracis. When inhaled, the spores enter lungs and reach deep into the alveolar spaces. F rom there they traverse into the medistinal and peribronchial lymph nodes. Once they reach the blood stream, they arrest to multiply by switching on to the vegetative cycle and produce toxins that are lethal (Young and Collier, 2002).These are potential biodefense agents because, B. anthracis endospores when dispersed in the air as 1-to-5-m particles may create a threat over a larger geographical location. In Russia, an accidental release of endospores from a force biologic-weapons facility in Sverdlovsk caused anthrax in humans as far as 4 km from the site, and cases in animals extended as far as 50 km away (Swartz, 2001). The detection of anthrax spores is also not easy and technologically also it is not realistic for rapid in-place detection to be done (Webb, 2003).Nevertheless, when diagnosed immediately the severity can be decreased, administration of oral antibiotic prophylaxis during the incubation distributor point has proved to be successful. However, once the fulminant stage is attained, the disease is clear of treatment and without doubt lethal (CDC, 2002). According to Inglesby et al. (2002), vaccination is supposedly effectual but the drawback is that a series of six shots over 18 months followed by annual booster shots is a pre-requisite for complete immunity. Therefore, it is obvious that when used as a biological weapon, spores of B.anthracis are capable of inflicting immeasurable torment on man and animals. This elects it to be an ideal candidate for biodefense.ReferencesCDC. (2002). unexclusive Health Emergency Preparedness and Response (November, 2002) www. bt. cdc. gov_agent_anthrax_index. asp. Inglesby, T. V. , OToole, T. , Henderson, D. A. , Bartlett, J. G. , Ascher, M. S. , Eitzen, E. , Friedlander, A. M. , Gerberding, J. , Hauer, J. , Hughes, J. , et al. (2002). Anthrax as a Biological Weapon, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 287, 22362252. Liu, H. , Bergman, N. H. , Thomason, B., Shallom, S. , Hazen, A. , Crossno, J. , Rasko, D. A. , Ravel, J. , Read, T. D. , Peterson, S. C. , Yates J. and Hanna, P. C. (2004). establishment and Composition of the Bacillus anthracis Endospore. Journal of Bacteriology. 186 (1), 164178. Swartz, M. N. (2001). Recognition and management of anthrax an update. N Engl J Med. 345, 1621-1626. Webb, G. F. (2003). A unfathomed bomb The risk of anthrax as a weapon of mass destruction. PNAS. 100(8), 43554356 Young, J. A. T. and Collier, R. J. (2002) Attacking Anthrax. Sci. Am. 286, 4859.